British historian. Born in Yorkshire. Studied at Cambridge University, he became professor of modern history at his alma mater in 1944 and also served as warden of Peterhouse College. In his 1949 book, The Origins of Modern Science, he chose the period from Galileo to Newton in the 17th century as the defining period of modern times, rather than the traditional Renaissance or Reformation, and called it the "scientific revolution" following the example of the Industrial Revolution. He did so because he considered the establishment of modern science to be a more appropriate universal period that applies not only to Europe but to the world. This division is not necessarily adopted today, but the 17th century scientific revolution is adopted by historians of science as a symbol of the era. The Origins of Modern Science is well-received as an easy-to-understand overview of the history of science written by a general historian. In his other work, The Whig Interpretation of History (1931), he warns against hindsight in interpreting history. [Shigeru Nakayama] "The Birth of Modern Science" translated by Masao Watanabe (1978, Kodansha) " "Criticism of the Whiggish View of History - Reflections on Contemporary Historical Studies" translated by Takeomi Ochi et al. (1967, Miraisha) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
イギリスの歴史学者。ヨークシャーの生まれ。ケンブリッジ大学に学び、1944年母校の近代史教授となり、同校ピーターハウス学寮長も務めた。49年の著書『近代科学の誕生』The Origins of Modern Scienceで、近代を画する時代区分点として、伝統的なルネサンスや宗教改革よりも、17世紀のガリレイからニュートンに至る時期の近代科学の成立をあて、これを産業革命に倣って「科学革命」とよんだ。近代科学の成立がヨーロッパだけでなく世界に当てはまる普遍的時代区分として、より妥当なものと考えたためである。この区分はかならずしも今日採用されているとはいいがたいが、17世紀科学革命のほうは、時代を象徴するものとして科学史家に採用されている。『近代科学の誕生』は一般史家がわかりやすく書いた科学史概説書として好評である。ほかに『ウイッグ史観批判』The Whig Interpretation of History(1931)では歴史の後知恵(あとぢえ)的解釈を戒めている。 [中山 茂] 『渡辺正雄訳『近代科学の誕生』(1978・講談社)』▽『越智武臣他訳『ウィッグ史観批判――現代歴史学の反省』(1967・未来社)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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