An exchange rate system in which exchange rates are left to fluctuate according to supply and demand in the foreign exchange market. It is often abbreviated to floating exchange rate system. It is the opposite concept to fixed exchange rate system. Floating exchange rate systems are divided into free float and managed float. The former is a system in which exchange rates are left completely free to move, and the monetary authorities do not intervene in the foreign exchange market. In contrast, the latter may intervene in the market when exchange rates fluctuate wildly. Historically, exchange rates have fluctuated in a disorderly manner from after World War I until the return to the gold standard, after the collapse of the gold standard in the 1930s, and in the 1970s, but it was only after 1976 that floating exchange rates were recognized as an institution. That is, the Interim Committee of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) held in Kingston, Jamaica in that year agreed that each country could freely choose between a fixed exchange rate system or a floating exchange rate system, and the floating exchange rate system was officially recognized as an institution, which led to the era of total floating in both name and reality. The floating exchange rate system up until then was not an institution, but a disorderly one that arose from the collapse of the fixed exchange rate system. The most basic function expected of a floating exchange rate system is to achieve equilibrium in the balance of payments by fluctuating exchange rates. If the balance of payments is now in deficit, the demand for foreign currency in the foreign exchange market will exceed the supply, and the exchange rate will become stronger for foreign currency (weaker for Japanese yen). Such a change in the exchange rate will, on the one hand, lower export prices, thereby increasing exports, and on the other hand, have the effect of raising import prices and suppressing imports, thereby improving the balance of payments deficit. In addition, a shift to a floating exchange rate system increases exchange rate risk, making short-term international capital movements such as interest rate arbitrage and foreign exchange speculation more difficult. When these functions are fulfilled, each country can direct its fiscal and monetary policies toward domestic equilibrium measures, ensuring autonomy in policy management. As a result, it will be possible to save foreign currency and prevent the international spread of inflation or deflation. However, in actual experience, it took time for the balance of payments to be adjusted, and international capital movements became more active, resulting in much larger fluctuations in exchange rates than expected, which constrained the policies of each country. Inflation also often got out of control and grew stronger, which, contrary to expectations, sometimes led to instability in the world economy. Since the Plaza Accord of 1985, while the fundamental approach has been a floating exchange rate system, a coordinated intervention system has been established in which the government intervenes in the market as appropriate depending on the situation. [Tsuchiya Rokuro] [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
為替相場を外国為替市場における需要・供給の状態に任せて変動させる為替相場制度。略して変動相場制ということが多い。固定為替相場制に対立する概念。変動相場制は自由変動相場制(フリー・フロートfree float)と管理変動相場制(管理フロート)とに分けられる。前者は為替相場の動きをまったく自由にしておく制度で、通貨当局は外国為替市場に介入しない。これに対し後者は、為替相場が乱高下するような際には市場へ介入することがある。 歴史的にみて為替相場が無秩序に変動した時期は、第一次世界大戦後から金本位復帰までと、1930年代の金本位崩壊後、そして1970年代であったが、このうちで制度として変動相場制が認められたのは1976年以降である。すなわち、この年キングストン(ジャマイカ)で開かれた国際通貨基金(IMF)暫定委員会は、各国は固定相場制でも変動相場制でも自由に選択できることで合意し、変動相場制が制度として正式に認知され、これ以降名実ともに総フロート時代となった。それまでの変動相場制は制度としてではなく、固定相場制の崩壊によって生まれた無秩序なものであった。 変動相場制に期待されたもっとも基本的な機能は、為替相場の変動によって国際収支の均衡を達成することである。いま国際収支が赤字になったとすると、外国為替市場では外貨に対する需要が供給を上回ることになり、為替相場は外貨高(邦貨安)となる。そのような為替相場の変化は、一方では輸出価格を下げるので輸出を増加させ、他方では輸入価格を引き上げて輸入を抑える効果をもち、収支赤字を改善することができる。また、変動相場制へ移行すると為替リスクが増大するので、金利裁定や為替投機などの短期的な国際資金移動をしにくくさせる。これらの機能が発揮されると、各国は財政金融政策をあげて国内均衡対策に振り向けることができ、政策運営の自主性が確保できる。そうした結果、外貨の節約やインフレまたはデフレの国際波及を遮断することも可能となる。 しかし、実際の経験では、国際収支の調整には時間がかかり、国際資本移動は逆に活発化して、その結果為替相場の変動は予想をはるかに超えて大幅となり、各国の政策はそのために拘束された。また、インフレも歯止めを失って助長されることが多く、期待とは逆に世界経済を不安定に導くこともあった。1985年のプラザ合意以降は、基本的には変動相場制を基調にしつつも、情勢によって適宜市場に介入する協調介入体制が定着している。 [土屋六郎] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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