A type of drama that was popular from the late Middle Ages to the early modern period in the West. It has a strong moral character that appeals to the conscience of each individual and encourages repentance. It is not a religious drama in the narrow sense because it is not intended to convey the Bible or doctrine. It is characterized by a realistic portrayal of a protagonist who represents humanity in general, rather than a specific person, and allegories (allegorical characters whose characters are named after concepts such as virtue, vice, happiness, wealth, and death). The most famous are the English "The Castle of Patience" from 1425 and the French "The Just and the Profane" from 1476, but the most representative is the late 15th century English "Everyman" (first published in 1529). There is a Dutch "Elkeruk" from almost the same period using the same material, but it is not known which is the source. A rich Everyman (person) is suddenly visited by "Death". Abandoned by his friends ("Beauty", "Strength", "Wealth"), he stands before God's judgment with only his "good deeds" as his companions. During the Reformation, the play became a theological debate drama over the effectiveness of good deeds. A German version of the Everyman material, Jedermann, is known from 1549 by Hans Sachs. In modern times, the Austrian Hofmannsthal translated the English version into German as Jedermann (1911), which has been performed every summer since 1920 as the Salzburg Festival Play. [Kenji Ozaki] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
西洋中世末期から近世初頭にかけて盛んであった演劇の一種。個々人の良心に訴え、悔い改めを促す教訓的性格が濃い。聖書や教理を伝えるためではないから狭い意味の宗教劇とはいえない。特定のだれかではなく、人間一般を代表する主人公の写実的な表現と、アレゴリーallegory(徳・悪徳・幸福・財産・死などの概念を役名とする寓意(ぐうい)的な登場人物たち)に特徴がある。1425年イギリスの『忍耐城』、1476年フランスの『正しい人と俗な人』が有名であるが、代表的なものは15世紀末イギリスの『エブリマン』(刊本初版1529)である。これにはほとんど同じ時期に同じ素材によるオランダ語の『エルケルック』があるが、どちらが源であるかはわからない。金持ちのエブリマン(人)が突然「死」の来訪を受ける。それまでの友人たち(「美」「力」「富」)に見放され、「善業」だけを供として神の裁きの前に立つ。この善業の効果をめぐって宗教改革期には神学的論争劇にもなった。エブリマン素材のドイツ語版である『イェーダーマン』では1549年のハンス・ザックスによるものが知られている。現代ではオーストリアのホフマンスタールが英語版からドイツ語に訳した『イェーダーマン』(1911)が、1920年以来ザルツブルク祝祭劇として今日まで毎夏上演されている。 [尾崎賢治] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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