Air rights - air rights

Japanese: 空中権 - くうちゅうけん
Air rights - air rights

A colloquial term for the right to leave the ground surface and use only the space above it. It is a type of sectional surface right, and refers to the right to establish a surface right by specifying the boundaries above and below the space above the land in order to own a structure.

Land ownership extends to both above and below the land (Civil Code Article 207), so if, for example, one wishes to build an elevated passageway, the only options are to acquire ownership from the owner of the ground surface, or to have surface rights or lease rights established. However, the rights to the ground surface would be useless to that person. It would also be uneconomical if, as a result, the owner and other rights holders (surface rights holders, etc.) who have been using the ground surface would no longer be able to use it. This is where the need for air rights arises. As the three-dimensional use of cities progresses, this need increases, and in Japan in 1966 (Showa 41), the right to use space by fastening it horizontally was recognized as surface rights (Civil Code Article 269-2, Real Estate Registration Act Article 78-5).

In the United States and other countries, surface owners are sometimes allowed to transfer air rights to others in connection with urban development.

[Yasuyuki Takahashi and Masamitsu Nozawa]

[Reference] | Surface rights

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

地表を離れて地上の空間だけを利用する権利の俗称。区分地上権の一種で、土地上の空間に、工作物を所有するため、その上下の範囲を定めて地上権を設定したものをいう。

 土地の所有権は土地の上下に及ぶ(民法207条)から、たとえば、高架の通路を設けようとする場合には、地表の所有権者から所有権を譲り受けるか、地上権または貸借権を設定してもらうしかない。しかし、地表についての権利はその人にとって無用のものであろう。また、その結果、地表を利用してきた所有者やそのほかの権利者(地上権者など)が地表を利用できなくなるのは不経済でもある。そこに空中権の必要が生じる。都市の立体的利用が進むにつれて、この必要は増大し、日本でも、1966年(昭和41)に、空間を水平方向にくぎって使用する権利を地上権として認めるに至った(民法269条の2、不動産登記法78条5号)。

 なお、アメリカなどでは、都市開発に関連して、地表の所有者が空中権を他に譲渡することが認められる場合がある。

[高橋康之・野澤正充]

[参照項目] | 地上権

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