Void

Japanese: 空孔 - くうこう(英語表記)void
Void

In physics, it is used in two ways:

(1) Atomic vacancies In crystals, atoms are regularly arranged. This arrangement is called a space lattice, and a place in this lattice where an atom happens to be missing is called a vacancy point. When two vacancies come together, they are called a vacancy pair, and when many more come together, a gap formed in a crystal is called an atomic vacancy, or simply a void.

(2) Holes as antiparticles The solution to the Dirac equation for electrons shows that electrons with negative kinetic energy exist as well as electrons with positive kinetic energy. If this were true, electrons would fall into a state of negative energy as much as possible. However, in reality, electrons with negative kinetic energy have not been observed. To explain this, Dirac proposed the following idea. According to this idea, every single negative energy state is occupied by electrons and does not have any effect on the outside world. What is considered a vacuum is actually this negative energy state occupied completely by electrons. If energy is given to an electron in this state and it is excited to a positive energy state, a vacancy is left behind after the electron leaves. This vacancy can be thought of as the antiparticle of the electron, that is, the positron. This is called the vacancy theory. However, there are some problems that are difficult to explain with this theory, and quantum field theory now provides a better explanation.

[Seiichiro Noguchi]

[Reference items] | Spatial lattice | Dirac | Field

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

物理学では次の2通りの意味に使われる。

(1)原子空孔 結晶では、原子が規則正しく配列している。この配列を空間格子といい、この格子の中で、原子がたまたま欠けている場所を空格子点という。空格子点が2個集まると、これを空格子対といい、さらに多数集まって結晶中にできた空隙(くうげき)を原子空孔、または単に空孔voidという。

(2)反粒子としての空孔hole 電子に関するディラック方程式の解として、正の運動エネルギーをもつ電子と同様に負の運動エネルギーをもつ電子も存在することが示される。もし、これが本当であれば、電子はなるべく負のエネルギーの状態に落ち込むことになる。しかし現実に、負の運動エネルギーをもつ電子は観測されていない。この点を説明するために、ディラックは次のような考えを提案した。それによれば、負のエネルギー状態は、ひとつ残らず電子に占領されていて、外界にはなんの作用も表さない。真空と考えられているものは、実はこの完全に電子で占められた負のエネルギー状態である。この状態の電子にエネルギーを与えて、正のエネルギー状態に励起すると、電子の抜けたあとに空孔が残る。この空孔が電子の反粒子、すなわち陽電子であると考えることができる。これを空孔理論とよんでいる。しかし、この理論では説明が困難な問題もあり、現在では場の量子論によって、よりよい説明が与えられている。

[野口精一郎]

[参照項目] | 空間格子 | ディラック |

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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