When closely spaced energy levels, or closely spaced spectral lines resulting from the existence of these levels, are considered collectively as multiplets or multiplets, these structures are called fine structure. In general, the energy terms of atoms are degenerate, but when an electric or magnetic field is applied, the degeneracy is lifted and the energy multiplets split into energy multiplets with slightly different energies, resulting in fine structure. In spectra, multiplets appear as the Stark effect and Zeeman effect. In atoms, fine structure is explained as electron spin, spin-orbit coupling, and relativistic effects. In molecules, fine structure can also be caused by rotational energy. The splitting of multiplets caused by the atomic nucleus is small and is distinguished by the term hyperfine structure. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
近接したエネルギー準位,またはこれらの準位が存在するために生じる近接したスペクトル線をまとめて多重項または多重線として考察するとき,これらの構造を微細構造という。一般に原子のエネルギー項は縮退しているが,電場や磁場が加わると縮退がとけて少しだけエネルギーが異なるエネルギー多重項に分裂して微細構造が現れる。スペクトルではシュタルク効果,ゼーマン効果として多重線が現れる。原子では微細構造は電子のスピン,スピン軌道結合,相対論的効果として説明される。分子では回転エネルギーによる微細構造もある。原子核に起因する多重項の分裂は小さく,超微細構造と呼んで区別される。
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