Air stream

Japanese: 気流 - きりゅう(英語表記)air stream
Air stream

Air flow. It is almost synonymous with wind, but whereas wind refers to the flow of air at a single point, air currents are often used when the question is about the spatial spread of wind.

[Ryuji Kimura]

Airflow Classification

In kinematics, horizontal air currents are classified into four types. A parallel flow is one in which all air flows in one direction. The flow speed may vary from place to place. In particular, a parallel flow whose flow speed remains constant regardless of location is called a uniform flow. A converging flow is one in which air gathers toward a single point. If the air current near the ground is a converging flow, an updraft will always occur. A diverging flow is one in which air moves away from a single point. If the air current near the ground is a diverging flow, a downdraft will always occur. A converging air current is one in which air currents gather from opposite directions and then move away in different directions. If there is a temperature gradient in the converging direction, and the temperature is fixed in the air parcel, the temperature gradient will increase over time, tending to form a front.

[Ryuji Kimura]

How to express airflow

Airflow is generally represented by the distribution of velocity vectors at each point. In meteorology, airflow is often represented by the distribution of arrow feathers that indicate wind speed. In fluid mechanics, airflow is represented by streamlines and trajectories. Streamlines are a group of curves whose direction is parallel to the velocity vector and whose spacing is proportional to the magnitude of the velocity. Pathlines are curves that show the path that an object placed in the flow will take.

[Ryuji Kimura]

Outdoor airflow

Outdoor air currents are nearly horizontal, and typical wind speeds in the troposphere are around 10 meters per second. In the center of the jet stream and inside a tornado, wind speeds of over 100 meters per second can occur. Air currents near the ground are generally turbulent, with wind direction and speed changing irregularly. This phenomenon is called wind breath. Air currents in the upper atmosphere are not as turbulent as air currents near the ground, but turbulence can occur locally in the lee of mountains (turbulence). On the windward side of a mountain, rising air currents often occur along the foothills, causing the föhn phenomenon.

[Ryuji Kimura]

[Reference] | Atmospheric circulation

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

空気の流れ。風とほとんど同義であるが、風が一点における空気の流れを意味するのに対し、気流は風の空間的な広がりを問題にする場合に用いることが多い。

[木村龍治]

気流の分類

運動学では、水平気流を4種に分類する。平行流とは、すべての空気が一方向に流れるものをいう。流速は場所によって変化してもよい。とくに、流速が場所によらず一定の平行流を一様流という。収束流とは、一点に向けて空気が集まるものをいう。地上付近の気流が収束流であれば、かならず上昇気流が生じる。発散流とは、一点から空気が離れていくものをいう。地上付近の気流が発散流であれば、かならず下降気流が生じる。合流型の気流とは、逆の方向から集まった気流があわさって別の方向に離れているものをいう。集まる方向に気温勾配(こうばい)が存在すると、気温が空気塊に固定されている場合、時間とともに気温勾配が大きくなるので、前線を形成する傾向がある。

[木村龍治]

気流の表し方

一般的には各点における速度ベクトルの分布によって気流を表す。気象学では、風速を表す矢羽根の分布で気流を表すことが多い。流体力学では流線や流跡線によって気流を表す。流線とは、線の方向が速度ベクトルに平行で、線の間隔が速度の大きさに比例するような曲線群である。流跡線とは、流れの中に置かれた物体が流されていく経路を示す曲線である。

[木村龍治]

野外の気流

野外の気流はほぼ水平で、対流圏の代表的な風速は毎秒10メートル程度。ジェット気流の中心部や竜巻の内部では毎秒100メートルを超す風速が生じることがある。地上付近の気流は一般に乱流で、風向・風速が不規則に変化する。この現象は風の息とよばれる。上空の気流は地上付近の気流ほどは乱れていないが、山岳の風下などで局所的に乱流が発生することがある(乱気流)。山岳の風上側では、山麓(さんろく)に沿って上昇気流が生じることが多く、フェーン現象の原因になる。

[木村龍治]

[参照項目] | 大気環流

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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