Gesell, Silvio

Japanese: ゲゼル（英語表記）Gesell， Silvio

Born: March 17, 1862, St. Vis
[Died] March 11, 1930. Brandenburg. German merchant and economist born in Belgium. He lived in Buenos Aires, Argentina from 1887 to 1914, and later in Germany and Switzerland. His research subject was monetary issues, and it is said that the impetus for his research came from the monetary inflation that occurred while he was living in Buenos Aires. His argument is characterized by the free money theory, which influenced JM Keynes and played an important role in the history of modern economics. This theory states that by liberating money from monetary materials such as gold and silver, the velocity of circulation of money will increase and purchasing power will be increased, which will overcome economic instability. At the same time, he advocated the abolition of unearned income such as interest and rent, and put forward a comprehensive social reform plan from an economic perspective. His main works include "The Nationalization of Money" (The Reformation in Münzwesen als Brücke zum Socialist State) (1891) and "The Natural Order of the Economy on Free Soil and Free Money" (The natural order of the economy on Freiland and Freigeld) (1911).

Gesell
Gesell, Arnold (Lucius)

Born June 21, 1880 in Alma, Wisconsin.
[Died] May 29, 1961. New Haven. American child psychologist. He served as an assistant professor of education, a professor of child health, and director of the Child Development Institute at Yale University. He attempted to clarify the laws and mechanisms of the process of child development through long-term (including follow-up) research on the behavioral development of infants through adolescents. He considered the mind as a living, growing "organism," and clarified that this dynamic growth has three characteristics: cycles, self-regulatory fluctuations (a spiral developmental process), and dispositional individuality. His major works include An Atlas of Infant Behavior (1934), The First Five Years of Life (40), The Child from Five to Ten (46), and Youth: The Years from Ten to Sixteen (56).

Gesell
Gezer

Tel Gezer, an ancient Palestinian city near Ramla, now in Israel. Human presence began in the Neolithic period, followed by the remains of a large Bronze Age city. The site appears in the Old Testament and in records from the Egyptian New Kingdom (c. 1567-1085 BC) from Thutmose III to Merneptah. After the 10th century BC, it flourished as a Hebrew city, and is known for its gate and casemate walls, believed to have been built by King Solomon. Later, during the Hasmonean (Maccabean) period, a fort was built. Today, only ruins remain, and excavations have been conducted since the early 20th century, unearthing the remains of dwellings, a 31-meter-deep irrigation facility, and pottery fragments with an agricultural calendar from around the 10th century BC.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1862.3.17. セントビス
[没]1930.3.11. ブランデンブルク
ベルギー生れのドイツの商人，経済学者。 1887～1914年アルゼンチンのブエノスアイレスに，その後はドイツやスイスに在住した。彼の研究主題は貨幣問題で，研究の契機はブエノスアイレス在住中に起った貨幣インフレーションといわれる。彼の主張の特色は，J. M.ケインズに影響を与え，近代経済学史上重要な役割を果した自由貨幣学説にある。それは金，銀などの貨幣素材から貨幣を解放し，貨幣の流通速度を速め，購買力を増加させるという学説で，これによって景気の不安定性を克服しうるとした。同時に利子や地代などの不労所得の廃止を唱え，経済学的な面から総合的な社会改革案を打出している。主著『貨幣の国有化』 Die Reformation im Münzwesen als Brücke zum Sozialistischen Staat (1891) ，『自由土地および自由貨幣による経済の自然的秩序』 Die natürliche Wirtschaftsordnung durch Freiland und Freigeld (1911) 。

ゲゼル
Gesell， Arnold (Lucius)

[生]1880.6.21. ウィスコンシン，アルマ
[没]1961.5.29. ニューヘーブン
アメリカの児童心理学者。エール大学教育学助教授，児童衛生学教授，児童発達研究所所長を歴任し，乳児より青年にわたる行動の発達に関する長期的 (追跡的な部分を含む) 研究を通じて，子供の成長の過程の法則と機序を明らかにしようと努めた。すなわち，生きた成長しつつある「有機体」として心を考え，この動的な成長の像には，周期，自己調節の動揺性 (螺旋形の発達過程) ，素質的な個性という3つの特質のあることを明らかにした。主著『幼児行動のアトラス』 An Atlas of Infant Behavior (1934) ，『誕生より5年間』 The First Five Years of Life (40) ，『5歳から 10歳までの子供』 The Child from Five to Ten (46) ，『若者，10歳から 16歳』 Youth: The Years from Ten to Sixteen (56) 。

ゲゼル
Gezer

古代パレスチナの都市。ラムラの近くに位置し，現イスラエルのテルゲゼル。人跡は新石器時代に始り，次に青銅器時代の大都市の遺跡が残る。この遺跡は旧約聖書やトゥトモス3世からメルネプタハにいたるエジプト新王国時代 (前 1567～1085頃) の記録に現れる。前 10世紀以後ヘブライ人の都市として栄え，とりわけソロモン王が建設したとみられる城門とケースメート式城壁が知られる。その後，ハスモン (マカベア) 朝時代には砦が築かれた。現在は遺跡のみが残り，20世紀初頭以降発掘調査が行われ，住居跡，深さ 31mの水利施設，前 10世紀頃の農事暦を記した陶片なども出土した。

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