Stoma - pore

Japanese: 気孔 - きこう
Stoma - pore

Small holes on the surface of a plant. Most of the above-ground part of a plant is covered with epidermal cells, but here and there there are gaps formed by two guard cells; these are called stomata. Stomata open and close through the action of the two guard cells, and are useful for gas exchange inside and outside the plant. There are more stomata in leaves than in stems, and in leaves there are usually more stomata on the underside. However, on the surface of the stems of trees where the cork cambium has differentiated to form bark, there are lenticels formed by the cork cambium that specialize and act in place of stomata that have lost their function.

Generally, plants that live on land absorb water from the soil and send it to the aboveground parts, but because the aboveground parts are in contact with the air, they dry out easily. Therefore, the surface of the epidermal cells that cover the surface of the plant body has a cuticle to prevent transpiration, but on the other hand, appropriate transpiration, especially from the leaves, is necessary to create a flow of materials within the plant body, and stomata regulate transpiration by opening and closing. When photosynthesis is taking place, leaves need to take in carbon dioxide from the outside world and release oxygen, and even when photosynthesis is not taking place, they need to take in oxygen needed for respiration and release carbon dioxide, and stomata regulate the flow of these gases in and out. There are relatively large intercellular spaces in the leaf tissue just inside the stomata, which are further connected to the intercellular spaces within the leaf, so that the cells within the leaf can directly come into contact with air coming from the outside world.

While normal epidermal cells do not have prominent chloroplasts, the guard cells of stomata have chloroplasts and are characterized by the fact that they perform photosynthesis, and it is believed that the carbohydrates produced here are related to changes in the turgor pressure of the guard cells. It is also believed that the changes in the shape of the guard cells due to changes in turgor pressure are involved in the opening and closing of stomata. However, much research is currently being conducted into the mechanism of stomatal opening and closing in plant physiology, with the possibility that growth hormones may play a role.

[Hara Hiroshi]

Leaf tissue and gas exchange
©Takashi Aoki

Leaf tissue and gas exchange


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

植物体の表面にある小さな穴。植物体の地上部の大部分は表皮細胞によって覆われているが、ところどころに二つの孔辺細胞によってつくられるすきまがあり、これを気孔という。気孔は二つの孔辺細胞の働きによって開閉し、植物体内外のガス交換に役だつ。気孔は茎よりも葉に多く存在し、また葉では裏面に多いのが普通である。ただし、コルク形成層が分化して樹皮をもつようになった樹木の茎の表面では、コルク形成層が特殊化してつくる皮目があり、機能を失った気孔にかわって働く。

 一般に、陸上に生活する植物は、土壌から水分を吸収して地上の部分に送って生活しているが、地上部は空気に接しているので乾燥しやすい。そこで、植物体の表面を覆う表皮細胞の表面にはクチクラがあって蒸散を防いでいるが、一方で、とくに葉からの適当な蒸散は植物体内の物質の流れを生ずる意味からも必要であり、気孔はその開閉によって蒸散の調節を行っている。葉は光合成を行うとき、外界から二酸化炭素を取り入れて酸素を放出する必要があり、また光合成を行わないときでも、呼吸に必要な酸素を取り入れて二酸化炭素を放出する必要があり、気孔はこのようなガスの出入の調節も行っている。気孔のすぐ内方の葉の組織には比較的大きな細胞間隙(かんげき)があり、さらに葉の中の細胞間隙へと連絡しているので、葉の中の細胞は外界からくる空気に直接に触れることができる仕組みとなっている。

 普通の表皮細胞には葉緑体が顕著でないが、気孔の孔辺細胞には葉緑体が存在して光合成を行うのが特徴で、ここでつくられる炭水化物が孔辺細胞の膨圧変化に関係していると考えられる。そして、孔辺細胞の形がその膨圧変化によって変わることが、気孔の開閉に関与しているとみられている。しかし、気孔の開閉の機構については、成長ホルモンの介在も考えられるなど、植物生理学上、現在も多くの研究が行われている。

[原 襄]

葉の組織とガス交換
©青木 隆">

葉の組織とガス交換


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