General average - General average

Japanese: 共同海損 - きょうどうかいそん
General average - General average

Damages and expenses incurred by dispositions made by the captain regarding the ship or cargo to avoid common danger to the ship and cargo. A concept in contrast to single average. This system was recognized by law as a positive measure against accidents at sea to ensure the safety of maritime traffic, and the fair sharing of the damages and expenses among the interested parties is based on the idea of ​​equity. On the other hand, there is a leading theory that the system of general average is a system that allows a fair distribution of risk, like mutual insurance, by having the common risk parties share damages and expenses incurred by dispositions made by the captain (such as casting cargo or running the ship aground) in order to manage the common interests of the common risk parties made up of the interested parties of the ship and cargo in an imminent emergency situation of danger at sea.

In order for the obligation to contribute to general average to arise, (1) there must be a common and imminent danger to the ship and cargo, and the damage (sacrifice average and cost average) must be caused by the master's willful disposition, which means that general average is established, (2) the ship, cargo, and freight must be preserved, and (3) there must be a causal relationship between the preservation and the disposition. In principle, the amount of contribution is to be calculated by each interested party in proportion to the value of the ship or cargo that was preserved by general average, half the freight, and the amount of damage in general average. The calculation of general average contribution is the master's responsibility, but in practice it is done by a professional adjuster. Since there is a need for international unification of the types of damage that should be considered as general average and the calculation method, the York-Antwerp Rules, enacted in 1974 and revised in 2004, are currently widely used in practice.

[Toda Shuzo]

[Reference] | Average loss

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

船長が、船舶および積み荷に対する共同の危険を免れるために、船舶または積み荷についてなした処分によって生じた損害および費用。単独海損に対する概念。この制度は、海上交通の安全を期するために、海難に対する積極的な対応策として法が認めたもので、その損害や費用を利害関係人に公平に分担させるのは、衡平の観念に基づいている。他方、海上危険の切迫した緊急状態において、船舶・積み荷の利害関係人によって構成された共同危険団体の共同利益を管理するために、船長がなした処分(投げ荷、船舶の乗り上げ等)によって生じた損害や費用を、共同危険団体において分担せしめ、あたかも相互保険のような危険の公平な分配を認めたものが共同海損の制度であるとする有力説もある。

 共同海損の分担義務が発生するためには、(1)船舶・積み荷に共同の切迫した危険が存在し、船長の故意の処分により損害(犠牲海損と費用海損)が生じたという共同海損が成立したこと、(2)船舶・積み荷・運送賃の保存、(3)保存と処分との間の因果関係、が必要である。分担額の算定につき、原則として、共同海損によって保存することをえた船舶または積み荷の価額と運送賃の半額と共同海損たる損害の額との割合に応じて、各利害関係人が分担することになっている。共同海損の分担に関する計算は船長の職務に属するが、実際上は専門の精算人が行う。共同海損となるべき損害の種類や算定方法につき国際的に統一する必要があるので、現在、1974年に制定され、2004年に改訂されたヨーク・アントワープ規則が実際界で広く利用されている。

[戸田修三]

[参照項目] | 海損

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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