A realist style that appeared in American literature around 1930. It is a style of writers such as Hemingway and Dos Passos that omits unnecessary embellishments to an extreme extent and piles up facts in a quick, rough touch, and is used as a literary term meaning "ruthless" or "heartless." It refers to a certain school of detective novels, and is also used in relation to it as a hard-boiled style of writing. In 1929, Hammett's detective novel "Blood Harvest" brought about a revolution in the traditional mystery that was centered on solving mysteries. It is characterized by realistic character portrayal of a lonely middle-aged private detective as the protagonist, a perspective that emphasizes the relationships between the characters rather than solving the mystery of an impossible crime, a speedy style that makes heavy use of slang, and light-hearted dialogue that is more effective than psychological analysis, and strongly reflects the dark side of American society in the 1920s, when Prohibition was in full swing. Originally, the term "hard-boiled" meant "hard-boiled eggs," and there are many theories as to why it was applied to the style of Hammett and others, and it is unclear. After Hammett, the orthodox school was succeeded by Chandler in "The Long Goodbye" (1953) and Ross MacDonald in "The Cold" (1964). In contrast, Mickey Spillane in "The Judgment of All Mankind" (1947), which put violence and eroticism at the forefront, was distinguished from the orthodox school as a popular hard-boiled. However, given the extent of his influence on later generations, he is a writer who should be reevaluated. Writers of this school since the 1970s are sometimes called neo-hard-boiled. Some of the detectives in this school are alcoholics, cancer neurotics, or marijuana addicts, but in short, they are characterized by being anti-heroes that are the opposite of the manly charm of the detectives of the previous generation. And it is easy to understand that this characteristic is a manifestation of the aftereffects of the Vietnam War. Representative authors who emerged in the 1970s and 1980s include Bill Pronzini (1943- ), author of Kidnapping (1971), Roger L. Simon (1943- ), author of The Great Gamble (1973), Robert B. Parker (1932-2010), author of A Promised Land (1981), and Lawrence Block (1938- ), author of Elegy of the Sacred Tavern (1986). [Jun Atsugi] "Hard-boiled Masterpiece Selection" edited by Nakajima Kotaro (1976, Best Book)" ▽ "Great Detective Reader: Hard-boiled Detectives" by Kagami Saburo (1979, Pacifica)" ▽ "Hard-boiled America" by Kotaka Nobumitsu (1983, Kawade Shobo Shinsha)" ▽ "Hard-boiled Trivia" by Kotaka Nobumitsu (1986, Graphsha)" ▽ "Too Early for a Gimlet: A Collection of Raymond Chandler Quotations" edited by Gohara Hiroshi, translated by Yamamoto Nymiko (1997, Ariadne Planning, Sanshusha Publishing)" ▽ "Great Detective Encyclopedia: Overseas Edition" by Gohara Hiroshi (1997, Tokyo Shoseki)" ▽ "Men Who Loved the American Language" by Kotaka Nobumitsu (Chikuma Bunko)" ▽ "The Myth of Masculinity: The Changing Face of Hard-Boiled" by Shuntaro Ono (Kodansha Shinsho Metier)" ▽ "William Marling: The American Roman Noir (1995, University of Georgia Press)" [References] | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
1930年前後に、アメリカ文学に登場した写実主義の手法。ヘミングウェイやドス・パソスらの、むだな修飾を極度に省き、スピーディーな荒いタッチで事実を積み上げていくスタイルで、転じて「冷酷」や「非情」という文学用語として用いられる。推理小説では一つの流派をさし、それに関連してハードボイルド調の文体という使い方もされる。1929年、ハメットの推理小説『血の収穫』は、従来の謎(なぞ)解き中心のミステリーに革命的変革をもたらした。孤独な中年の私立探偵を主人公にしたリアルな性格描写、不可能犯罪の謎解きよりも登場人物の人間関係を重視した視点、スラングを多用したスピーディーな文体、心理分析以上に効果的な軽妙な会話を特徴とするもので、禁酒法に揺れた1920年代というアメリカ社会の暗黒面が色濃く反映されている。ハードボイルドとは本来、固ゆでの卵の意味で、それがなぜハメットらの作風に適用されたのか理由は諸説あって判然としない。この流派の正統はハメット以降、『長いお別れ』(1953)のチャンドラー、『さむけ』(1964)のロス・マクドナルドに継承された。これに対して暴力とエロチシズムを前面に押し出した『裁くのは俺だ』(1947)のミッキー・スピレーンは通俗ハードボイルドとして正統派からは区別されてきた。しかし後代に与えた影響の大きさからすれば、当然再評価されてしかるべき作家である。1970年代以降のこの流派の作家は、ネオ・ハードボイルド派とよばれることもある。この派の探偵たちのなかにはアルコール依存症や癌(がん)ノイローゼや、マリファナ常用者などがみられるが、要するに彼らが前代の探偵たちの男らしい魅力とは裏腹なアンチ・ヒーローであることに特色がある。そしてその特色がベトナム戦争後遺症の表れであると解することは容易であろう。1970年代から1980年代にかけて出現した『誘拐(ゆうかい)』(1971)のビル・プロンジーニBill Pronzini(1943― )、『大いなる賭け』(1973)のロジャー・サイモンRoger L.Simon(1943― )、『約束の地』(1981)のロバート・B・パーカーRobert Brown Parker(1932―2010)、『聖なる酒場の挽歌(ばんか)』(1986)のローレンス・ブロックLawrence Block(1938― )などが、その代表的な作家である。 [厚木 淳] 『中島河太郎編『ハードボイルド傑作選』(1976・ベストブック)』▽『各務三郎著『名探偵読本 ハードボイルドの探偵たち』(1979・パシフィカ)』▽『小鷹信光著『ハードボイルド・アメリカ』(1983・河出書房新社)』▽『小鷹信光著『ハードボイルドの雑学』(1986・グラフ社)』▽『郷原宏編著、山本楡美子訳『ギムレットには早すぎる――レイモンド・チャンドラー名言集』(1997・アリアドネ企画、三修社発売)』▽『郷原宏著『名探偵事典 海外編』(1997・東京書籍)』▽『小鷹信光著『アメリカ語を愛した男たち』(ちくま文庫)』▽『小野俊太郎著『「男らしさ」の神話――変貌する「ハードボイルド」』(講談社新書メチエ)』▽『William MarlingThe American Roman Noir(1995, University of Georgia Press)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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