An audit type where audits (mainly financial statement audits) are required by law or other regulations. Contrast this with voluntary audits. Professional auditors such as certified public accountants are generally in charge of the audit. It originated in the United States, where the Great Depression of 1929 prompted the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 to make certified public accountant audits mandatory for public companies such as listed companies. Subsequently, certified public accountant audits were made mandatory for joint-stock companies in Germany by the Stock Exchange Act of 1937 and in the UK by the Companies Act of 1948. In Japan, audits by certified public accountants (or auditing firms) were stipulated in 1948 (Showa 23) based on the American securities laws, and were implemented by listed companies in 1951. In addition, the 1974 "Law Concerning Special Provisions of the Commercial Code Concerning Audits, etc. of Corporations" (Special Provisions of the Commercial Code Act) required audits by accounting auditors (certified public accountants or auditing firms) for large companies of a certain size or larger. In May 2006 (Heisei 18), the Companies Act, which merged the previous Commercial Code Part 2 and the Special Provisions of the Commercial Code Act, came into effect, and now, under this law, large companies with capital of 500 million yen or more or liabilities of 20 billion yen or more are required to be audited by accounting auditors (Article 328 of the Companies Act). In addition, the Companies Act now allows corporations other than large companies to stipulate in their articles of incorporation that they will appoint accounting auditors (Article 326, Paragraph 2 of the Companies Act). In addition, school corporations that receive subsidies for current expenses from the national or local governments are also required to have their financial statements audited by professional auditors (Private School Promotion Subsidy Law, Article 14). Labor unions must have their financial reports audited by certified public accountants and make the results public to their members (Labor Union Law, Article 5). Other audits that are mandatory by law include audits of reports on expenditures made using political party subsidies under the Political Party Subsidy Law, audits of mutual insurance companies, audits of credit unions and credit associations, audits of the Norinchukin Bank and labor banks, audits of special purpose companies, audits of investment corporations, audits of independent administrative institutions, audits of national university corporations, comprehensive external audits of local governments, and audits of public interest corporations. [Tetsuyoshi Hasegawa and Yoshito Nakamura] [Reference] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
法令などにより監査(おもに財務諸表監査)が義務づけられている監査形態。任意監査に対比される。一般に公認会計士などの職業監査人が任にあたる。アメリカで、1929年の大恐慌をきっかけとして1933年証券法、1934年証券取引所法により上場会社などの公開会社に公認会計士監査が強制されたことに端を発する。その後、ドイツでは1937年株式法により、イギリスでは1948年会社法により、株式会社に対する会計士監査が義務づけられた。 日本では、アメリカの証券諸法を範として1948年(昭和23)に証券取引法(現在の金融商品取引法)に基づく公認会計士(または監査法人)の監査が規定され、1951年より上場会社などに実施された。また、1974年「株式会社の監査等に関する商法の特例に関する法律」(商法特例法)により、会計監査人(公認会計士または監査法人)の監査が一定規模以上の大会社に対して実施された。2006年(平成18)5月、従来の商法第2編や商法特例法など会社に関する法律を統合した会社法が施行され、現在は同法により、資本金が5億円以上、または負債金額が200億円以上の大会社は会計監査人の監査が強制されている(会社法328条)。なお、会社法では、大会社以外の株式会社も、定款で会計監査人の設置を定めることができることになった(同法326条2項)。このほか、国または地方公共団体から経常的経費につき補助金を受ける学校法人にも職業監査人の監査が義務づけられている(私立学校振興助成法14条)。労働組合は、会計報告につき公認会計士の監査を受け、組合員に公表しなければならない(労働組合法5条)。ほかに、法律により強制されている監査には、政党助成法に基づく政党交付金による支出などの報告書の監査、保険相互会社の監査、信用金庫および信用組合の監査、農林中央金庫・労働金庫の監査、特定目的会社の監査、投資法人の監査、独立行政法人の監査、国立大学法人の監査、地方公共団体の包括外部監査、公益法人の監査などがある。 [長谷川哲嘉・中村義人] [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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