Ferromagnetic material

Japanese: 強磁性体 - きょうじせいたい
Ferromagnetic material

This refers to a material in which the magnetic moments of the atoms and ions that make up the material are aligned in parallel at low temperatures due to the mutual interactions between them. This material exhibits a unique magnetization when a magnetic field is applied from the outside. That is, when the magnetic field exceeds the coercive force Hc , the magnetization increases rapidly and reaches saturation, and even when the magnetic field is removed, the residual magnetization Mr remains. This type of magnetization curve is called a hysteresis curve. This phenomenon was discovered by J. A. Ewing in 1881 (Meiji 14) while he was a student at the University of Tokyo. The inside of a ferromagnetic material is divided into areas called magnetic domains. Within this magnetic domain, all the magnetic moments are aligned in the same direction, but because the magnetization directions of different magnetic domains are different, even ferromagnetic materials can achieve a state where no magnetization appears on the surface (demagnetized state). Magnetic domains are surrounded by magnetic domain walls, and the magnetization of the ferromagnetic material is achieved by the movement of the magnetic domain walls due to the magnetic field applied from the outside. The magnetization (spontaneous magnetization) in the magnetic domains of ferromagnetic materials disappears at the Curie temperature, and at higher temperatures the magnetic susceptibility changes with temperature according to the Curie-Weiss law. The most well-known ferromagnetic materials are iron, cobalt, nickel and their alloys, but other examples include rare earth metals such as gadolinium, manganese alloys such as the Heusler alloy Cu 2 MnAl, and compounds such as La 1-x Sr x MnO 3 , CrO 2 , CrBr 3 , and ZrZn 2. The applications of ferromagnetic materials vary depending on the shape of their hysteresis. Materials with low coercivity are called soft materials, and because they have a high magnetic permeability, they are used as transformer materials. On the other hand, hard materials with high coercivity are used as permanent magnet materials. Materials with a rectangular hysteresis shape are also used as memory elements. Recently, they have also been used as materials for spintronics elements such as magnetoresistance memories and magnetic sensors.

[Yoshikazu Ishikawa and Sumio Ishihara September 19, 2018]

[References] | Curie temperature | Curie-Weiss law | Magnetic moment | Ewing

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

物質を構成する原子やイオンのもつ磁気モーメントが、互いの間に働く相互作用により低温で平行に配列している物質をさす。この物質は外から磁場を加えると特異な磁化の仕方をする。すなわち、磁場が保磁力Hcを超えると、磁化は急速に増加して飽和に達し、次に磁場を取り除いても残留磁化Mrが残る。このような磁化曲線をヒステリシス曲線とよぶ。この現象はJ・A・ユーイングが1881年(明治14)東京大学に在籍中に発見したものである。強磁性体の内部は、磁区とよばれる領域に分割されている。この磁区の内部では、磁気モーメントはすべて同一方向に配列しているが、異なる磁区の磁化の方向が異なるため、強磁性体でも表面に磁化の出現しない状態(消磁状態)を実現することができる。磁区は磁壁によって囲まれており、外から加えた磁場による磁壁の移動によって強磁性体の磁化が行われる。強磁性体の磁区内の磁化(自発磁化)はキュリー温度で消失し、さらに高温では磁化率はキュリー‐ワイスの法則に従って温度変化する。強磁性体としてもっともよく知られているのは鉄、コバルト、ニッケルとその合金であるが、このほかにガドリニウムなどの希土類金属、ホイスラー合金Cu2MnAlなどのマンガン合金、La1-xSrxMnO3、CrO2、CrBr3、ZrZn2などの化合物があげられる。強磁性体の応用は、そのヒステリシスの形によって異なる。保磁力の小さい物質は軟材料とよばれ、透磁率が大きいのでトランス材料として用いられる。一方、保磁力の大きい硬材料は永久磁石材となる。またヒステリシスの形が角型のものは記憶素子として用いられる。最近では磁気抵抗メモリー、磁気センサーなどのスピントロニクス素子の材料としても用いられている。

[石川義和・石原純夫 2018年9月19日]

[参照項目] | キュリー温度 | キュリー‐ワイスの法則 | 磁気モーメント | ユーイング

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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