Bronchitis

Japanese: 気管支炎 - きかんしえん
Bronchitis

It is an inflammation of the bronchial mucosa whose main symptoms are coughing and phlegm, and is divided into acute bronchitis and chronic bronchitis.

Acute bronchitis

It often develops as a complication of viral infections, especially the common cold and influenza. The most common causative bacteria are pneumococcus and influenza haemophilus, but in cases where it occurs together with influenza, it is often caused by staphylococcus. It is also seen as a complication or sequelae of pulmonary tuberculosis, acute pneumonia, bronchiectasis, asthma, measles, and acute tonsillitis.

Symptoms include coughing, phlegm, fever, chest pain, and other symptoms of the primary disease. Usually, symptoms improve within a week, but in infants and debilitated elderly people, symptoms may become severe, and in smokers, symptoms may persist. Antitussives are used for severe coughs, expectorants are used for phlegm that is difficult to expectorate, and appropriate antibiotics are used for purulent phlegm.

[Tomoyuki Yamaguchi]

Chronic bronchitis

It refers to a cough accompanied by phlegm that continues for more than three months in a year and has been present for at least two years, excluding those caused by lung diseases such as bronchiectasis, lung tumors, and pulmonary tuberculosis. Pathologically, it is a chronic inflammation of the bronchi accompanied by excessive secretion due to hypertrophy and proliferation of bronchial glands and mucosal epithelial goblet cells.

Chronic bronchitis is a disease that has been given great importance in the UK due to its connection with air pollution, and the death rate from this disease in the UK is 5 to 15 times higher than in Western countries. The most important cause is smoking, but other causes include air pollution and occupations that involve inhaling dust, and it is also believed that genetic factors play a role. The incidence rate increases with age.

The diagnosis is based on the medical history and clinical findings. X-rays show almost no abnormal shadows in the early stages, but as the disease progresses, reticular and linear shadows appear in all lung fields, and small speckled, funicular, and honeycomb-like shadows appear especially in the lower lung fields. Bronchograms show enlarged mucus ducts and irregular bronchial walls. Patients usually have a long history of cough and phlegm, and are often heavy smokers for many years. In the early stages, patients cough up phlegm shortly after waking up in winter, and only a small amount of mucus is coughed up during the day, and they rarely visit a doctor. Eventually, the cough continues all year round, and bronchial infections and bronchopneumonia occur repeatedly, and symptoms such as bronchiectasis, pulmonary fibrosis, and emphysema appear, causing shortness of breath and difficulty in breathing. As a treatment, patients should be strongly encouraged to quit smoking. In cases of infection, appropriate antibiotic treatment is effective. It is a preventable disease if people quit smoking, avoid polluted environments, and prevent upper respiratory tract infections.

In recent years, chronic bronchitis and emphysema have been treated together as a single entity known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

[Tomoyuki Yamaguchi]

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

It is also called COPD, which is an acronym for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. It is a disease that presents progressive airflow limitation due to an inflammatory response in the lungs caused by the inhalation of toxic particles or gases. A representative example of toxic particles or gases is tobacco, and 90% of COPD patients have a history of smoking. Airflow limitation is usually progressive, gradually causing difficulty in breathing.

Because it is difficult to clinically differentiate chronic bronchitis and emphysema when airflow limitation occurs, the term COPD has come to be used to collectively refer to these conditions. Diagnosis requires a medical interview to determine chronic cough, phlegm, shortness of breath, and smoking history, as well as imaging tests and respiratory function tests. Smoking cessation is important for treatment, and bronchodilator inhalation and steroids are used.

[Tomoyuki Yamaguchi]

[References] | Bronchi | Emphysema | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

咳(せき)と痰(たん)を主症状とする気管支粘膜の炎症で、急性気管支炎と慢性気管支炎に分けられる。

急性気管支炎

ウイルス感染症、ことに普通感冒やインフルエンザの合併症として発症することが多い。起炎菌としては肺炎球菌、インフルエンザ菌などがよくみられるが、インフルエンザに合併するものではブドウ球菌によることが多い。また、肺結核、急性肺炎、気管支拡張症、喘息(ぜんそく)、麻疹(ましん)、急性扁桃(へんとう)炎などの合併症、続発症としてもみられる。

 症状は咳、痰、発熱、胸痛などのほか、原発疾患による症状が加わる。通常は1週間以内に軽快するが、乳児や衰弱した老人では重篤となったり、喫煙者では長引いたりすることがある。激しい咳に対しては鎮咳(ちんがい)剤、喀出(かくしゅつ)困難な痰には去痰剤を用い、膿(のう)性痰には適当な抗生剤を使用する。

[山口智道]

慢性気管支炎

痰を伴った咳が1年間に3か月以上続き、少なくとも2年以上みられるものをいい、気管支拡張症、肺腫瘍(しゅよう)、肺結核などの肺疾患によるものは除外される。病理学的には気管支腺(せん)や粘膜上皮杯細胞の肥大および増生による過剰分泌を伴う気管支の慢性炎症である。

 慢性気管支炎はイギリスで大気汚染と関連して重視された疾患で、同国ではこの疾患による死亡率が欧米諸国の5~15倍という高率に達している。原因としては喫煙がもっとも重要で、そのほか大気汚染、塵埃(じんあい)を吸入する職業などがあげられ、遺伝的素因の関与も推察されている。年齢が高くなるとともに、罹患(りかん)率が上昇する。

 診断は病歴と臨床所見に基づいて行われる。X線写真は早期ではほとんど異常影を示さないが、進行すれば全肺野に網状影、線状影が現れ、とくに肺下野に小斑点(はんてん)状陰影、索状影、小蜂窩(ほうか)状影などが現れてくる。気管支造影を行うと、肥大した粘液の腺管が造影されて気管支壁の不整がみられる。患者は通常、長年にわたる咳と痰の病歴を有し、しばしば長年の多量喫煙者である。初期には、冬季に起床後まもなく痰を出し、日中はわずかな粘液痰を喀出するのみで、医師に診察を受けることはほとんどない。やがて咳は一年中続くようになり、気管支感染と気管支肺炎が繰り返され、気管支拡張、肺線維症、肺気腫などの病変を合併し、息切れや呼吸困難を訴えるようになる。治療としては、喫煙の中止を強く説得すべきである。感染のある場合には、適切な抗生剤の投与が有効である。禁煙と、汚染環境から遠ざけ、上気道感染を防止すれば、予防可能な疾患である。

 近年、慢性気管支炎は、肺気腫とともに慢性閉塞性肺疾患(COPD)として一括して扱われる。

[山口智道]

慢性閉塞性肺疾患

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseaseの頭文字をとってCOPDとも称する。有毒な粒子やガスの吸入によって生じた肺の炎症反応に基づく進行性の気流制限を呈する疾患である。有毒な粒子やガスの代表はタバコであり、COPD患者の90%は喫煙歴がある。気流制限は通常進行性で、徐々に呼吸困難を生じる。

 慢性気管支炎、肺気腫は、気流制限が起こると、臨床的に鑑別が困難なので、これらを総括してCOPDの疾患名が用いられるようになった。診断には、慢性的な咳、痰、息切れ、喫煙歴などの問診、画像検査とともに、呼吸機能検査が必要である。治療には禁煙が重要で、気管支拡張薬吸入、ステロイドなどが使われる。

[山口智道]

[参照項目] | 気管支 | 肺気腫 | 慢性閉塞性肺疾患

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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