Artificial eye - gigan

Japanese: 義眼 - ぎがん
Artificial eye - gigan

An artificial eye is an artificial eye inserted into the conjunctival sac to improve appearance when the eyeball is removed due to a malignant tumor (e.g., retinoblastoma) or when various eye diseases (e.g., panophthalmitis) cause the eyeball to soften and shrink, resulting in blindness (phthisis bulbi). It closely resembles the front half of the eyeball, and while initially made of glass, most are now made of plastic. The artificial eye inserted after removal is usually immobile, but movable artificial eyes have been devised to reduce the difference in eye position between the healthy eye and the eyeball, which is noticeable when looking to the side. A base with a volume equivalent to the rear half of the eyeball is inserted into the four rectus muscles of the eye, and the eye muscles are attached to it so that it moves along with the healthy eye. Protrusions and magnets are used to transmit the movement of the artificial eye base to the artificial eye. Although movable prosthetic eyes have the advantage of being closer to a natural appearance, they are not widely used because they tend to fall off and can easily become infected due to dead space that can form between the back of the prosthetic eye and the conjunctiva.

In addition, single eye prostheses, which are placed over the eyeball when the eyeball is atrophied, have good movement. There are also contact lens prostheses that are used to cover severe corneal white spots. Recently, it has become possible to custom-make prostheses that have the exact same iris and pupil as a normal eye.

[Mita Takeo]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

悪性腫瘍(しゅよう)(網膜芽細胞腫など)のために眼球を摘出したり、各種の眼病(全眼球炎など)によって眼球が軟化縮小して失明する眼球癆(ろう)の状態になったときなどに、外観を整える目的で結膜嚢(のう)に入れる人工の目をいう。眼球の前半部に非常によく似ており、初期ではガラス製であったが、現在では大部分がプラスチック製である。眼球摘出後に挿入された義眼は通常動かないが、側方を見たときに目だつ健眼との眼位の差を緩和させるために可動性の義眼がくふうされた。眼筋のうちの四つの直筋のなかに、眼球の後半部に相当する容積をもった台を挿入し、これに眼筋が付着するようにして健眼とともに動かすわけである。この義眼台の動きを義眼に伝えるため、突起や磁石が利用されている。可動性義眼は自然の外観に、より近くなる利点がある反面、義眼が脱落したり、義眼後面と結膜の間に死腔(しくう)ができて感染をおこしやすいなどの理由から、あまり普及していない。

 なお、眼球萎縮(いしゅく)時に眼球の上にかぶせて使用する一重義眼の動きはよい。また、ひどい角膜の白斑(はくはん)を覆い隠すために使用するコンタクト義眼もある。最近、オーダーメイドで健眼の虹彩(こうさい)や瞳孔(どうこう)とまったく同じ義眼の製作が可能になってきた。

[箕田健生]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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