A coordinate system that indicates the location of a point on Earth, along with longitude. The equatorial latitude is 0 degrees, the North Pole is 90 degrees north, and the South Pole is 90 degrees south. Latitudes are divided into 90 degrees north and south, respectively, and expressed using degrees, minutes, and seconds, for example, 39°08′00″ north. The closer you are to the poles, the higher the latitude, and the closer you are to the equator, the lower the latitude. When latitude was first drawn on a map, it was not to indicate distance, but was a line drawn by connecting the places where the daytime length was the longest and had the same length of time in a year. It was in the 2nd century BC that it began to be drawn in a grid pattern along with meridians. Measurement of latitude became more accurate with the development of angle measuring instruments. Latitude includes geographic latitude, geocentric latitude, geodetic latitude, and astronomical latitude. (1) Geographic latitude: A line perpendicular to the earth's surface is drawn at a certain point on the earth's surface and expressed as the angle it makes with the equator. Since the earth is not a perfect sphere but an approximate ellipsoid, a line perpendicular to the earth's surface does not necessarily pass through the geocenter (the center point of the earth). (2) Geocentric latitude: This is the angle between the line connecting a point on the Earth's surface and the center of the Earth and the equatorial plane. This geocentric latitude is often used when calculating the Earth as a whole. The difference between geocentric latitude and geographic latitude is a maximum of 11 minutes 30 seconds. (3) Geodetic latitude: A geographic latitude defined in the same way as geographic latitude, by considering an ellipsoid that fits as closely as possible to a curved surface that intersects at right angles with all vertical lines within a limited area on Earth. It is used to create precise maps for each country. (4) Astronomical latitude The complement angle of the angle between the Earth's axis of rotation and the direction of gravity (vertical line) at a point on the Earth. It is usually defined as the angle between the equatorial plane and the vertical line. Since the Earth's axis of rotation moves relative to the Earth's body (polar motion), astronomical latitude also changes (latitude change). The average change in astronomical latitude over a certain period of time is called the mean latitude (mean astronomical latitude). A meridian circle is an instrument that directly observes the angle between the direction of the rotation axis and the vertical line. Meridian circle observations are complicated and time-consuming, so astronomical latitude is usually determined by the indirect method, such as the Talcott method, using a zenith telescope or a photographic zenith tube. Geocentric latitude, geographic latitude, and geodetic latitude are geometric quantities determined by approximating the shape of the Earth with an ellipsoid, while astronomical latitude is determined by the physical quantity of the direction of gravity. Without an observation of astronomical latitude first, other latitudes cannot be determined. The difference between astronomical latitude and geodetic latitude is called the vertical deviation (or vertical deviation) and is used in research into the shape of the geoid and the internal structure of the Earth. When creating a map of a country (or region), the vertical deviation is assumed to be zero at the starting point (geodetic datum), but the boundaries of two maps usually do not match due to errors in the assumption of zero vertical deviation at the geodetic datums of two countries (or regions) or differences in the reference ellipsoids used between the two countries. With the development of very long baseline radio interferometers, satellite laser ranging, the Global Positioning System (GPS), atomic clocks, and other technologies, the shape and size of the Earth, as well as the distances between continents, have become precisely determined. Since 1988, it has become possible to determine the Earth's longitude and latitude to within 1/100th of a second, and even ordinary people can easily find out their longitude and latitude with a GPS receiver. [Masami Ichikawa and Kojiro Wakao] "Saita Hiroshi, Astronomy Story 1" (2000, Chijin Shokan) " The Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, ed., World Geodetic System Latitude and Longitude Comparison Table: Japan's Latitude and Longitude Changes" (2001) [Reference items] | | | |Polar | | | | | | | | | |©Shogakukan "> Geographic latitude, geocentric latitude, astronomical latitude Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
経度とともに地球上の地点の位置を示す座標。赤道緯度を0度とし、北極点を北緯90度、南極点を南緯90度として、それぞれ北緯、南緯を90度に分け、度・分・秒を用い、たとえば北緯39゜08′00″のように表す。両極に近づくほど高緯度とよび、赤道に近づくほど低緯度とよぶ。 地図上に最初に緯度が引かれたのは、距離を示すためでなく、1年のなかで昼間の長さがもっとも長く、しかも同じ時間長を示す場所を結んで得た線であった。経線とともに格子状に引くようになったのは、紀元前2世紀のことである。緯度の測定は角測器の発達につれていっそう正確になっていった。 緯度には、地理緯度、地心緯度、測地緯度、および天文緯度がある。 (1)地理緯度 地表のある地点で、地表面に対して垂直な線を立て、これを赤道面とのなす角度で表す。地球は完全な球体ではなく、近似的な回転楕円(だえん)体であるため、地表面に対する垂直な線はかならず地心(地球の中心点)を通るとは限らない。 (2)地心緯度 地表上の地点と地心とを結ぶ直線が、赤道面となす角度で表す。この地心緯度は、地球に関して全体として計算するときに用いられることが多い。地心緯度と地理緯度との差は、最大で11分30秒である。 (3)測地緯度 地球上のある限られた地域内で、至る所の鉛直線と直角に交わる曲面にできるだけよくあう楕円体を考え、そのうえで地理緯度と同様に定義したもの。各国の精密な地図作製に利用される。 (4)天文緯度 地球の自転軸と、地球上の一地点における重力の方向(鉛直線)とのつくる角度の余角。普通、赤道面と鉛直線方向のつくる角度と定義する。地球の自転軸は地球本体に対して移動する(極運動)ので、天文緯度も変化する(緯度変化)。ある期間の天文緯度の変化を平均して平均緯度(平均天文緯度)という。自転軸の方向と鉛直線方向とのつくる角度を直接観測する器械が子午環である。子午環観測は複雑で時間もかかるので、普通は天頂儀、写真天頂筒などを使って、タルコット法による間接法で天文緯度を決定する。 地心緯度、地理緯度、測地緯度などは、地球の形状を楕円体で近似して決める幾何学的量であるが、天文緯度は重力の方向という物理学的量によって決めている。初めに天文緯度の観測がなければ他の緯度は決まらない。天文緯度と測地緯度の差を、鉛直線偏差(または鉛直線偏倚(へんい)、垂直線偏差)といい、ジオイドの形や地球内部構造の研究に利用される。ある国(または地域)の地図をつくるときの出発点(測地原点)では、鉛直線偏差をゼロと仮定するが、二つの国(または地域)の測地原点における鉛直線偏差ゼロの仮定の誤りや、2国間で使った基準楕円体の違いなどによって、二つの地図の境界は一致しないのが普通である。 超長基線電波干渉計、人工衛星レーザー測距、全地球測位システム(GPS)、原子時計などの開発が進み、地球の形状と大きさ、大陸間の距離が精確に決定されるようになった。1988年(昭和63)以降の地球上の経緯度は、100分の1秒まで決定できるようになり、一般の人でもGPSの受信機で簡単に経緯度を知ることが可能になった。 [市川正巳・若生康二郎] 『斉田博著『おはなし天文学1』(2000・地人書館)』▽『国土地理院編・刊『世界測地系緯度・経度対照表 日本の緯度・経度が変わる』(2001)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | | |©Shogakukan"> 地理緯度、地心緯度、天文緯度 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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