A device that removes heat from an object, cools it below the surrounding temperature (refrigeration), and discards the heat into the atmosphere. Depending on the temperature reached and the cooling method, there are vapor compression refrigerators, absorption refrigerators, air adiabatic refrigerators, Joule-Thomson effect refrigerators, and Stirling cycle refrigerators. In principle, it is a reverse operation of a heat engine, adding work to the heat of a low-temperature object and releasing it to a high-temperature heat source. The higher the temperature of the low-temperature object relative to the temperature difference between the two heat sources, the more efficient it is. This ratio is called the theoretical coefficient of performance and indicates the limit of the efficiency of the refrigerator. In practice, in order to remove a large amount of heat with a small temperature difference and to get closer to the theoretical cycle, a medium (called a refrigerant) that evaporates and condenses near the temperature of the high-temperature and low-temperature heat sources (usually air and the object to be frozen) is used. The refrigerants usually used are polymer compounds (mainly fluorine compounds), ammonia, ethane, propane, etc., and when making it to an ultra-low temperature (below -100°C), the cooling effect (Joule-Thomson effect) due to the adiabatic expansion of air, nitrogen, methane, helium, hydrogen, etc. is used. Vapor compression refrigerators extract heat from the object to be frozen in an evaporator to evaporate the refrigerant, compress the evaporated refrigerant in a compressor, and liquefy it by discharging heat in a radiator. The liquefied refrigerant passes through an expansion valve and enters the evaporator again. It is used for freezing temperatures from about -30°C (single-stage compression) to about -100°C (multi-stage compression). To achieve even lower temperatures, a multi-stage refrigeration cycle is used in which two or more refrigerants with different evaporation and condensation temperature ranges are combined to perform multi-stage compression and expansion, making it possible to cool to about -150°C. Note that some compressors use heat from an external source, such as an electric motor or heat extracted from the object to be frozen with the refrigerant, to drive the compressor by running a steam engine. Absorption refrigerators create a solution by dissolving a refrigerant, then apply heat from outside to evaporate only the refrigerant, which is then cooled to become a refrigerant liquid and separated from the dilute solution. The refrigerant is sent to an evaporator, where it removes heat from the item to be frozen and evaporates. The vapor is absorbed into a dilute solution, returning it to a solution of its original concentration. The solution is then sent back to the heating section. A simple absorption refrigerator is a gas refrigerator, which uses pressure differences to circulate the solution and refrigerant. Larger refrigerators use pumps to return the solution to the heating section, etc. It can freeze to around -100°C. When cooling to below -150°C, the cooling effect of adiabatic expansion is utilized. Rapid expansion of air or other materials lowers the temperature, and repeating this process several times will result in a steady drop in temperature. When extremely low temperatures are required, repeated adiabatic expansion using helium with few impurities can be used to cool to around -270°C. With this method, the limit of cooling is the temperature at which air, helium, etc. liquefy. Vapor compression and absorption refrigerators are commonly used in refrigerators and freezers, and are used as dehumidifiers in addition to cooling. Refrigerators that use adiabatic expansion of air are not commonly used. Thermoelectric refrigerators that use the thermoelectric effect are also sometimes used to cool small electronic devices. Adsorption refrigeration is also beginning to be researched in order to utilize low-temperature waste heat. In adsorption refrigeration, the refrigerant evaporated in the evaporator is adsorbed by an adsorbent to reduce pressure and promote evaporation at low temperatures, and the adsorbed refrigerant is separated by heating the adsorbent with low-temperature waste heat, cooled and condensed in a condenser, and returned to liquid form before being sent to the evaporator. If two adsorbents are prepared, the refrigerant can be evaporated and condensed continuously by alternating between cooling and heating. [Masatake Yoshida] ©Shogakukan "> Principle of the refrigerator Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
物体から熱を奪って周囲の温度以下に冷却し(冷凍)、大気に熱を捨てる装置。冷却到達温度、冷却方法によって、蒸気圧縮式冷凍機、吸収式冷凍機、空気断熱式冷凍機、ジュール‐トムソン効果式冷凍機、スターリングサイクル冷凍機がある。 原理的には熱機関の逆向きの運転で、低温物体の熱を仕事を加えて高温熱源に放出するもので、両熱源の温度差に対して低温物体の温度が高いほど効率がよく、この比を理論成績係数といい、冷凍機の効率の限界を示す。実際には小さな温度差で大量の熱を奪うためと、理論サイクルに近づけるために、高温・低温熱源(多くは空気と冷凍するもの)の温度近くで蒸発凝縮をおこす媒体(冷媒という)を用いる。通常用いられる冷媒は高分子化合物(おもにフッ素化合物)、アンモニア、エタン、プロパンなどであり、超低温(零下100℃以下)にするときは空気、窒素、メタン、ヘリウム、水素などの断熱膨張による冷却効果(ジュール‐トムソン効果)を用いる。 蒸気圧縮式冷凍機は、冷凍する物体から蒸発器で熱をとり冷媒を蒸発させ、蒸発した冷媒を圧縮機で圧縮し、放熱器で熱を捨て液化する。液化した冷媒は膨張弁を通りふたたび蒸発器に入る。零下30℃程度(一段圧縮)から零下100℃程度(多段圧縮)の冷凍温度に用いられる。さらに低温度にするには、蒸発・凝縮の温度範囲の異なる2種類以上の冷媒を組み合わせて多段圧縮・膨張を行わせる多元冷凍サイクルを用い、零下150℃程度まで冷却できる。なお圧縮機は、電気モーターや、冷媒で冷凍する物体からとった熱以外に、外部から熱を加え、蒸気機関を動かして圧縮機を駆動するものもある。 吸収式冷凍機は、冷媒を溶かした溶液をつくり、外から熱を加えて冷媒のみを蒸発させ、冷却して冷媒の液とし、薄い溶液と分離する。冷媒は蒸発器に送り、冷凍するものから熱を奪い蒸発させる。蒸気は薄い溶液に吸収させ元の濃度の溶液に戻す。溶液はふたたび加熱部に送る。簡単な吸収式冷凍機はガス冷蔵庫で、溶液、冷媒の循環には圧力差を利用している。大型の冷凍機では溶液を加熱部に戻す際などにポンプを用いている。零下100℃程度まで冷凍できる。 零下150℃以下に冷却するときは、断熱膨張による冷却効果を利用する。空気などを急速に膨張させると温度が低下し、これを数回繰り返せばどんどん温度が低下する。極低温を必要とするときは不純物の少ないヘリウムを用いて繰り返し断熱膨張させることによって零下270℃程度まで冷却できる。この方法では冷却の限界は空気、ヘリウムなどが液化する温度である。 冷蔵庫、冷凍庫で多く使用されているのは蒸気圧縮式冷凍機、吸収式冷凍機で、これらは冷却のほかに除湿機としても利用される。空気などの断熱膨張を利用するものは一般にはあまり利用されていない。また小さな電子機器の冷却に熱電効果を利用した電子冷凍が用いられることもある。 また低温の廃熱を利用するなどのために、吸着冷凍が研究され始めている。吸着冷凍は低温で冷媒を蒸発させるために蒸発器で蒸発した冷媒を吸着剤で吸着して圧力を下げ、低温での蒸発を促進するもので、吸着した冷媒は吸着材を低温廃熱で加熱して分離させ、凝縮器で冷却・凝縮して液に戻し蒸発器に送る。吸着剤を二つ用意すれば、冷却・加熱を交互に切り換えて連続的に冷媒の蒸発・凝縮ができる。 [吉田正武] ©Shogakukan"> 冷凍機の原理 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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