This is a nationwide belief in Gozu Tenno, the god of epidemics, and its main shrine is Yasaka Shrine (Gionsha) located on the north side of Gion-cho, Higashiyama Ward, Kyoto City. Goryo is an ancient term for the spirits of the dead, and the Gion Festival was originally called the Gion Goryoe. Other Goryoe festivals based on the same belief include the Kitano Goryoe and the Inari Goryoe. After the death of Sugawara no Michizane (Sugawara no Michizane), disasters occurred one after another throughout the country, and the Kitano Festival began as a curse from Sugawara. The Inari Festival also worships food spirits as Goryoe, as humans can sustain life by sacrificing living things. In the Middle Ages, people feared epidemics the most. They believed that epidemics were caused by the spirits of the dead and vengeful spirits that became plague gods. Susanoo was made the representative of plague gods because, as seen in the myths of the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, Susanoo committed a crime and was banished to the land of roots. It was believed that worshiping this god would ward off epidemics. Also, plague gods have two opposing deities: they are evil gods that bring disasters, but also exorcists that remove them. In other words, when plague gods are worshiped, they are transformed into good gods that suppress epidemics, and Susanoo became the most widely worshiped of all gods. Moreover, when they worshiped this god as a plague god, they concealed his real name and replaced him with Gozu Tenno, an imported god who was the guardian deity of the Gion Shoja temple in India. Gozu Tenno was said to have been enshrined at Kanshin-in Temple in Higashiyama (present-day Yasaka Shrine) in the reign of Emperor Seiwa in 869 (Jogan 11). Against the backdrop of the frequent epidemics that plagues ravaged Kyoto during the Heian period, Gion Shrine attracted faith from the court and common people, and eventually became the center of Gion faith throughout the country. The festival for this god is generally held in the summer, probably because epidemics were most prevalent in that season. Furthermore, Gion faith in general is deeply connected to the custom of purification rituals held near water, and the festivals are often held near rivers. [Toshihiko Uda] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
行疫神(ぎょうえきしん)である牛頭天王(ごずてんのう)に対する信仰で、京都市東山区祇園町北側に所在する八坂(やさか)神社(祇園社)を宗祠(そうし)とする全国的な御霊(ごりょう)信仰。御霊とは死霊の故実用語で、祇園祭はもと祇園御霊会(え)とよばれた。ほかにも同じ信仰による御霊会として、北野御霊会と稲荷(いなり)御霊会とがある。菅公(かんこう)(菅原道真(すがわらのみちざね))の死後、天下にしきりに災禍が続発したので、それを菅霊の祟(たた)りとして始まったのが北野祭である。また生物を犠牲にして人の生命を維持できることから、その食物霊を御霊として祀(まつ)るのが稲荷祭である。 中古、人々のもっとも畏怖(いふ)したのは疫病であった。彼らは、これを流行させるのは死霊や怨霊(おんりょう)が疫神(えきじん)となるためと信じたのである。素戔嗚尊(すさのおのみこと)をもって疫神を代表させたのは、記紀の神話にみるように、素戔嗚尊が罪を犯して根の国へ追放されたからで、この神を祀ることによって疫病から免れると信じられるようになった。また、疫神は災禍をなす邪神であるとともに、これを除去する祓(はらい)神として相反する二つの神格をもつ。すなわち、疫神は祀られることによって疫病を鎮圧する善神に転化するわけで、素戔嗚尊は諸神のなかでもっとも広く祀られる神となった。しかも彼らは、この神を行疫神として祀るときは、本名を隠して、インドの祇園精舎(しょうじゃ)の守護神である牛頭天王なる外来の神にかえたのである。 牛頭天王は、869年(貞観11)清和(せいわ)天皇の代、東山の感神院(かんしんいん)(現在の八坂神社)に勧請(かんじょう)されたという。平安時代京都にしばしば流行した疫病の恐怖を背景に、祇園社は朝野の信仰を集めて、やがて全国の祇園信仰の中心となった。この神の祭りが一般に夏に行われるのは、おそらく夏にいちばん疫癘(えきれい)が流行したためであろう。また、一般に祇園信仰は、水辺における禊祓(みそぎはらい)の習俗と関係するところ深く、その祭りも川辺で行われることが多い。 [菟田俊彦] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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