…Affordance is a psychological term created by the American psychologist James J. Gibson (1904-79) from the English verb afford. Affordance is a property that an object possesses, but at the same time, it is also a property that is only revealed by the way the object is related to an animal, that is, by the behavior of the animal that touches the object. From [Interaction]… As an extension of these studies, from the late 1970s onwards, the perspective of grasping cognitive activity from the subject's external world was reconsidered. An extreme example of this is the visual research of JJ Gibson (1904-79). Gibson believed that being able to see something is a property that is provided in the external world, and he called this affordance. … From [Cognitive Science]… In the 1970s, research on cognitive processes and information representation in the brain and mind became more extensive across a wide range of topics. Examples include long-term potentiation of neuronal activity (Bliss and Lemo), motor learning mechanisms in the cerebellum (JS Albus), procedural and semantic memory (E. Tulving), affordance theory of perception (JJ Gibson), natural categories of concepts (E. Rosch), frame representation of knowledge (M. Minsky), symbol processing models of problem solving (A. Newell and H. Simon), information processing of representation and understanding (Bobrow, Collins, et al.), and the relationship between culture and cognition (M. Cole and S. Scribner). In the 1980s, research on distributed representational process models became more active, and situated research on language and behavior progressed. … *Some of the terminology that mentions "Gibson, J." is listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…アフォーダンスは,アメリカの心理学者ジェームズ・ギブソンJames J.Gibson(1904-79)が英語の動詞アフォード(afford=与える,できる)をもとにつくった心理学の用語である。アフォーダンスは物に備わる性質である,と同時に,物と動物との関係の仕方,つまり物に触れる動物の行動によってはじめてあらわれてくる性質でもある。… 【相互作用】より… これらの研究の拡張として1970年代後半から,認知活動を主体の外界から捉えようとする視点がもう一度見直されてくる。その極端な例としてギブソンJ.J.Gibson(1904-79)の視覚研究が挙げられる。ギブソンは,何かが〈見える〉ということは外界に準備されている性質だと考え,これをアフォーダンスと呼んだ。… 【認知科学】より… 1970年代には,脳と心の認知プロセスや情報表現に関する研究が,広範なテーマにわたって深く進められるようになった。たとえば,神経細胞活動の長期増強(ブリスとレーモ),小脳の運動学習機構(アルバスJ.S.Albus),手続き記憶と意味記憶(タルビングE.Tulving),知覚のアフォーダンス理論(ギブソンJ.J.Gibson),概念のナチュラルカテゴリー(ロシュE.Rosch),知識のフレーム表現(M.ミンスキー),問題解決の記号処理モデル(A.ニューエルとH.サイモン),表現と理解の情報処理(ボブロー,コリンズら),文化と認知の関係(コールM.ColeとスクリブナーS.Scribner)などがある。1980年代になると,分散表現的なプロセスモデルの研究が盛んになり,また言語や行為の状況論的研究が進んだ。… ※「ギブソン,J.」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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