American visual artist. Known as an important artist during the transition from Abstract Expressionism to Pop Art. Born in Port Arthur, Texas. After studying at the University of Texas and other institutions, he studied under Josef Albers at Black Mountain College in North Carolina. In the summer of 1952, as a student, he participated in an event organized by composer John Cage and others at the university. He performed a series of "art of the act" using white canvases hung on the wall and ladders. This performance, which he performed with pianist David Tudor (1926-), dancer Merce Cunningham, and poet Charles Olsen, was a precursor to later performances. From this time, under the influence of Cage, he produced "white paintings" in which the canvas was simply painted white, and then "black paintings" in all black, and developed the idea of viewing artworks as objects in a comprehensive environment as well as in real space. In 1953, he held his first solo exhibition in New York, and in the following year, he met Jasper Johns, with whom he collaborated in exploring new forms of artistic thought that would allow paintings to be perceived as part of everyday objects in the outside world. His "combine paintings," which combined objects with Abstract Expressionist-style paintings, attracted the attention of the art world. Monogram (1955-59), a representative example of this work, is a work that combines a stuffed goat, tires, and pieces of wood on top of an oil painting. Winning the Grand Prize at the Venice Biennale in 1964 cemented his status as a world-class painter and determined the new direction of art after World War II. Together with Jones, he revived the objects used in prewar Dadaism, and the two were called "Neo-Dadaists." However, due to his style's renewed focus on the everyday environment of the outside world and aspects of modern life, he is considered a pioneer of Pop Art, which became popular in the 1960s. His works are extremely wide-ranging, including paintings made by silkscreen transferring photographs, lithograph prints, three-dimensional sculptures made by assembling objects, and performances. He was also an active and travel-loving person from a young age, and visited India, China, Tibet, and Russia, often creating works there due to the contact and stimulation he experienced with different cultures. One example of this is the ceramic prints he made during his stay in Japan in 1982 (Showa 57). He founded organizations such as the Change Fund, the Rauschenberg Foundation, and the Rauschenberg Cultural Exchange (ROCI, commonly known as Rocky), which aim to provide financial support to artists. In particular, ROCI aimed to deepen exchanges with artists from around the world by collaborating with them to create and exhibit works, and to contribute to world peace. From 1985 to 1990, the exhibition toured 12 countries, including Mexico, Japan, Russia, Malaysia, China, and Cuba, with great success. In 1986, the ROCI Japan Exhibition was held at the Setagaya Art Museum in Tokyo, and from November 1993 to January 1994, a solo exhibition was held at the Hiroshima City Museum of Contemporary Art to commemorate his receiving the 2nd Hiroshima Art Prize. In 1998, he was awarded the Praemium Imperiale in the painting category. Although he had a studio in New York, he lived and worked on Captiva Island, Florida, where he continued to create works until his death in 2008. [Koichiro Ishizaki] "Rauschenberg -- ROCI Japan Exhibition Catalogue," edited by Setagaya Art Museum and ROCI (1986, Setagaya Art Museum)" ▽ "American Contemporary Prints -- Seven Masters," written by Riva Castleman and translated by Sugiyama Makiko (1992, Tankosha)" ▽ "Contemporary Art 14: Rauschenberg" (1993, Kodansha) ▽ "Robert Rauschenberg Exhibition: Commemorating the 2nd Hiroshima Art Prize Award," edited and published by Hiroshima City Museum of Contemporary Art (1993) ▽ "Jones and Rauschenberg: The Neo-Dada Duo," edited and published by the National Museum of Art, Osaka (1994) ▽ "The Art of Symbols: Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg," written by Jonathan Katz (included in "13 Stories About Couples," edited by Whitney Chadwick and Isabelle de Courtivron, translated by Nonaka Kuniko and Momoi Midori, 1996, Heibonsha)" [References] | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
アメリカの造形作家。抽象表現主義からポップ・アートへの転換期に位置する重要な作家として知られる。テキサス州ポート・アーサーに生まれる。テキサス大学などで学んだのち、ノース・カロライナ州ブラック・マウンテン大学でジョゼフ・アルバースに師事した。1952年夏、この大学で作曲家ジョン・ケージらが主宰して行われたイベントに学生として参加。白いカンバスを壁にかけ、梯子(はしご)を使用した一連の「行為の芸術」を演じた。ピアニストのデビッド・チュードアDavid Tudor(1926― )、舞踊家のマース・カニンガム、詩人のチャールズ・オルセンCharles Olsenなどと行ったこの公演は、のちのパフォーマンスの先駆けとなるものであった。このころからケージの影響のもとに、白色のペンキを画面いっぱいに塗っただけの「ホワイト・ペインティング」、さらに黒一色の「ブラック・ペインティング」を制作し、美術作品を現実空間と同時に総合的環境のなかの事物としてとらえる発想を展開するようになる。1953年ニューヨークで最初の個展を開催し、翌54年にはジャスパー・ジョーンズと出会い、共同して絵画を外界の日常的物体の一環として知覚させる新しい造形思考の探求を進めた。オブジェと抽象表現主義風の絵とを合体させた「コンバイン・ペインティングcombine painting」は美術界の注目を集めた。『モノグラム』(1955~59)は油絵の上にヤギの剥製(はくせい)やタイヤ、板きれで構成されている作品で、その代表的なものである。 1964年ベネチア・ビエンナーレで大賞を受賞したことにより、世界的な画家としての地位を固め、第二次世界大戦後の美術の新しい方向を決定づけることになった。ジョーンズとともに戦前のダダイズムに用いられたオブジェを復活させたことから、2人は「ネオ・ダダ(新しいダダイズム)」とよばれたが、外界の日常的環境や現代の生活的側面に改めて焦点をあてた作風によって、1960年代に盛んになったポップ・アートの先駆的存在と考えられている。その作品は、写真をシルクスクリーン転写した絵画やリトグラフの版画、事物のアセンブリッジ(集積)による立体造形、パフォーマンスなど、きわめて幅広い。また、若いころから行動的で旅行好きな気質の持ち主で、インド、中国、チベット、ロシアを歴訪し、異文化との接触と刺激から現地で作品制作を行うことも多かった。82年(昭和57)、日本滞在中に陶芸による版画制作を行ったのもその一例である。 芸術家への経済的支援を目的とする「チェンジ基金」「ラウシェンバーグ財団」「ラウシェンバーグ海外文化交流」(ROCI、通称ロッキー)などの団体を設立した。とくにROCIは、世界の芸術家たちと共同して制作・展覧会を行うことによって交流を深め、世界平和のために役立てようというもので、1985年から90年にかけてメキシコ、日本、ロシア、マレーシア、中国、キューバなど12か国を巡回して大成功を収めた。86年東京の世田谷美術館でROCI日本展が開催され、また93年(平成5)11月から94年1月まで第2回ヒロシマ賞受賞を記念して広島市現代美術館において個展が開催された。98年には世界文化賞・絵画部門を受賞した。ニューヨークにもスタジオをもつが、フロリダ州キャプティバ島で暮らし、2008年に世を去るまで、同地で制作活動を行った。 [石崎浩一郎] 『世田谷美術館・ROCI編『ラウシェンバーグ――ROCI日本展図録』(1986・世田谷美術館)』▽『リヴァ・キャッスルマン著、杉山真紀子訳『アメリカ現代版画――7人の巨匠たち』(1992・淡交社)』▽『『現代美術14 ラウシェンバーグ』(1993・講談社)』▽『広島市現代美術館編・刊『ロバート・ラウシェンバーグ展 第2回ヒロシマ賞受賞記念』(1993)』▽『国立国際美術館編・刊『ジョーンズとラウシェンバーグ ネオ・ダダの二人』(1994)』▽『ジョナサン・カッツ著「記号の芸術ジャスパー・ジョーンズとロバート・ラウシェンバーグ」(ホイットニー・チャドウィック、イザベル・ド・クールティヴロン編、野中邦子・桃井緑美子訳『カップルをめぐる13の物語』所収・1996・平凡社)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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