Managed currency system (English spelling)

Japanese: 管理通貨制度 - かんりつうかせいど(英語表記)managed currency system 英語
Managed currency system (English spelling)

This refers to a policy system and institution that aims to stabilize the capitalist system and promote economic growth by dealing with economic fluctuations through discretionary manipulation of the domestic currency and credit volume, based on the institutional premise of severing the relationship between the domestic currency amount and the central bank's gold reserves, i.e., ceasing the convertibility of banknotes and making them inconvertible.

The Great Depression of 1929 was the turning point for the start of large-scale intervention in the state's economic process, and the main lever for this was the managed currency system. In other words, since the capitalist economy had lost its ability to restore autonomous equilibrium, the managed currency system was positioned as the institutional pillar of a policy that aimed to combine excess capital and excess labor through the creation of effective demand by the government, achieve full employment, and revive the economy. The fiscal and monetary policies adopted at that time generally aimed to stabilize the economy by providing investment funds through additional credit and achieving full employment, but inflation was inevitably associated with the suspension of convertibility. However, excessive inflation would intensify economic instability through unfair income redistribution, so it was necessary to maintain the value of the currency. The basis of monetary policy management by the central bank is to mitigate the contradiction between the supply of additional credit on the one hand and maintaining the value of the currency on the other hand.

In this way, unlike currency management under the gold standard, which was linked to specie reserves and aimed to maintain legal convertibility of gold at legal parity internally and legal exchange rates externally, currency management under the managed currency system is carried out with the aim of managing effective demand in response to domestic economic stimulus measures. This is why it is said that while the gold standard system prioritizes external equilibrium, the managed currency system prioritizes domestic equilibrium.

[Tadashi Saito]

Established

During the Great Depression of 1929 and the subsequent financial panic of the 1930s, countries took emergency measures such as suspending the convertibility of banknotes and prohibiting the free import and export of gold, and the so-called reconstituted gold standard was short-lived. After this, the issuance of banknotes was left to the discretion of the monetary authorities without being restricted by gold reserves, but J.M. Keynes was a leading proponent who strongly opposed the return to the gold standard and advocated the adoption of a managed currency system as an alternative monetary system. Keynes rejected the then dominant view that "supply creates its own demand" (Say's Law) and attributed the cause of the recession, and therefore unemployment, to a lack of demand. He argued that the lack of demand was due to the fact that the supply of money was tied to gold, a natural substance that is difficult to increase, and likened gold to the "moon," which is in fact difficult to obtain, and said that unemployment occurred because people wanted the "moon." Therefore, he argued that in order to activate potential productive capacity, the amount of currency issued should be controlled by human intelligence to match the supply of goods that can be increased, and he advocated the need for flexible fiscal and monetary policies that emphasize domestic balance, instead of the gold standard system, in which a country's economic boom and reduction in unemployment could only be achieved through a policy of impoverishing its neighbor. Keynes's argument provided a way out for the capitalist economy, which had lost its ability to restore autonomous equilibrium, by providing a way for the state to intervene in the economic process.

The economic policies implemented in the 1930s were diverse and varied depending on the circumstances of each country (for example, the New Deal policy in the United States, the National Socialist economic policies in Germany, and the Takahashi Finance Policy in Japan). However, in general, they aimed to rebuild the domestic economy while aiming for a bloc economy, and production expanded in relation to the war economy, leading to a recovery in the economy, and were not successful in themselves.

The managed currency system, premised on the reconstruction of the world economy, was established with the IMF (International Monetary Fund) system after World War II. In other words, based on the adoption of managed currency systems in each country, a global managed currency system was completed with the creation of the US Treasury Department's regulations on gold convertibility for dollars and rules for public intervention to maintain the exchange rate against the dollar for IMF member countries. Under this global managed currency system led by the US, the IMF system, each country would adopt a fiscal and monetary policy that integrated fiscal and monetary policy.

[Tadashi Saito]

The development of managed currency systems and new issues

While the managed currency system contributed to the realization of high economic growth after the Second World War, it also created new problems. One of these was frequent international currency instability due to the decline in international confidence in the dollar, and the other was the simultaneous progression of recession and inflation, known as stagflation. The managed currency system was able to fully function on the premise of an international monetary cooperation system, and the link between gold reserves and the amount of domestic currency was severed in the first place with the aim of escaping recession (= economic growth). With these two basic assumptions themselves being seriously shaken, the Nixon Statement in August 1971 suspended the convertibility of dollars for gold (the Nixon Shock, the Dollar Shock), and in 1973 the international monetary system shifted from a fixed exchange rate system to a floating exchange rate system. Domestically, too, the drive for a "big government" due to political pressure led to rising inflation and worsening fiscal deficits, which in the 1980s and later prompted the emergence of conservative governments that advocated a neoliberal "small government," such as the Reagan administration in the United States, the Thatcher administration in the United Kingdom, and the Nakasone cabinet in Japan.

[Tadashi Saito]

"State Monopoly Capitalism" by Ouchi Chikara (1970, University of Tokyo Press)""Managed Currency and Financial Capital" by Kawai Ichiro (1974, Yuhikaku)""The International Monetary System" by Wabi Mitsuhiko (1976, University of Tokyo Press)""Complete Works of Keynes 4: Monetary Reform, translated by Nakauchi Tsuneo, and Complete Works of Keynes 7: The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, translated by Shionoya Yuichi (1978, 1983, Toyo Keizai Shinposha)""Managed Currency Systems and the Modern Era" by Takebe Masayoshi (1980, Shinhyoron)""Modern Capitalism and International Currency" by Fukamachi Ikuya (1981, Iwanami Shoten)"

[References] | Gold standard system | Monetary policy | Keynes | International Monetary Fund | International monetary issues | Neoliberalism | Central bank | Dollar | Floating exchange rate system

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

国内通貨量と中央銀行の金準備との関係を断つ、すなわち、銀行券の兌換(だかん)を停止し、不換紙幣化することを制度的前提に、国内通貨・信用量の裁量的な操作を通じて景気変動に対処し、資本主義体制の安定と経済成長の促進を図ろうとする政策体系・制度をいう。

 1929年の大恐慌を契機に国家の経済過程への大規模な介入が開始されるが、その主要なてことなるのが管理通貨制度である。すなわち、資本主義経済が自律的な均衡の回復機能を喪失したことから、政府の有効需要創出を通じて過剰資本と過剰労働力を結合させ、完全雇用を達成し、景気の回復を図ろうとする政策の制度的支柱として位置づけられる。その際とられる財政・金融政策は、総じて追加的信用による投資資金の供給、完全雇用の達成を通じて経済の安定を目ざそうとするものであるが、兌換停止下では必然的にインフレーションを随伴することになる。しかし、過度のインフレーションは不公平な所得の再配分により逆に経済の不安定性を激化させることから、通貨価値の維持が要請されることとなる。一方における追加的信用の供給と他方における通貨価値の維持、この両者の矛盾を緩和することが中央銀行による金融政策運営の基本となるのである。

 このように、通貨供給が正貨準備に結び付けられ、対内的には法定平価での金兌換、対外的には法定為替(かわせ)相場の維持を目的として行われた金本位制度下の通貨管理とは違い、管理通貨制度下では国内の景気対策上の要請による有効需要の管理を目的として通貨管理が行われることになる。金本位制度が対外均衡優先であるのに対し、管理通貨制度が国内均衡優先であるといわれるゆえんである。

[齊藤 正]

成立

1929年の世界的大恐慌とそれに続く1930年代の金融恐慌のなかで、各国は銀行券の兌換停止、金の自由輸出入の禁止という緊急措置をとり、いわゆる再建金本位制度は短命に終わる。これ以後、銀行券の発行高は金準備に制約されることなく、通貨当局の裁量にゆだねられることになるが、金本位制度への復帰に強く反対し、それにかわる通貨制度として管理通貨制度の採用を主張した代表的論者がJ・M・ケインズであった。ケインズは「供給は自ら需要を創(つく)る」という、それまでの支配的見解(セーの法則)を否定し、不況、したがって失業の原因を需要の不足に求めた。そして、需要の不足は、貨幣の供給を金という増加させにくい自然物に結び付けているためだとして、金を事実上、入手が困難な「月」になぞらえ、人々が「月」を欲するから失業が生じると述べている。そこで、潜在的な生産能力を稼働させるためには、増加可能な財生産の供給に見合うように通貨の発行量を人間の知性によってコントロールすべきだと主張して、一国の好景気、失業の減少が近隣窮乏化政策のうえでのみ実現される金本位制度にかわる、国内均衡を重視した伸縮的な財政金融政策の必要性を説いたのである。ケインズの主張は、自律的な均衡回復機能を失った資本主義経済に、国家の経済過程への介入という活路を提供することとなった。

 1930年代にとられた不況対策は、各国の実態に応じて多様であった(たとえば、アメリカのニューディール政策、ドイツのナチズム経済政策、日本の高橋財政など)。しかし総じてそれらは、ブロック経済を指向するなかで国内経済の再建を図るというものであり、戦争経済との関連において生産が拡大し、景気が回復するというものであり、それ自体として成功したのではなかった。

 世界経済の再建を前提とする管理通貨制度は、第二次世界大戦後のIMF(国際通貨基金)体制をもって確立する。すなわち、各国における管理通貨制度の採用を基礎に、アメリカ財務省によるドルに対する金兌換規定と、IMF加盟国の対ドル・レートを維持するための公的介入のルールの創出によって整備された世界的な規模での管理通貨制度が完成する。このようなアメリカの主導による世界的規模での管理通貨体制=IMF体制の下で、各国は財政政策と金融政策を一体化した財政金融政策を採用することになるのである。

[齊藤 正]

管理通貨制度の展開と新たな問題

管理通貨制度は第二次世界大戦後の高度経済成長を実現するのに寄与した一方、新たな問題を生み出すことになった。その一つは、ドルに対する国際的信認の低下による国際通貨不安の頻発であり、いま一つは、スタグフレーションといわれる不況とインフレーションの同時進行状況であった。管理通貨制度は、国際的な通貨協力体制を前提としてその機能を十全に発揮しうるものであり、かつ、そもそも不況からの脱出(=経済成長)を目的として金準備と国内通貨量との連関を断ったのである。この二つの基本前提自体が深刻な動揺をきたしているなかで、1971年8月のニクソン声明によってドルと金との兌換が停止され(ニクソン・ショック、ドル・ショック)、1973年国際通貨制度は固定為替相場制から変動為替相場制へ移行した。また、国内的にも政治的プレッシャーによる「大きな政府」への志向がインフレーションの高進や財政赤字の深刻化をもたらし、1980年代以後、アメリカのレーガン政権、イギリスのサッチャー政権、日本の中曽根(なかそね)内閣など、新自由主義的な「小さな政府」を掲げる保守的政権の登場を促すこととなった。

[齊藤 正]

『大内力著『国家独占資本主義』(1970・東京大学出版会)』『川合一郎著『管理通貨と金融資本』(1974・有斐閣)』『侘美光彦著『国際通貨体制』(1976・東京大学出版会)』『中内恒夫訳『ケインズ全集4 貨幣改革論』、塩野谷祐一訳『ケインズ全集7 雇用・利子および貨幣の一般理論』(1978、1983・東洋経済新報社)』『建部正義著『管理通貨制度と現代』(1980・新評論)』『深町郁弥著『現代資本主義と国際通貨』(1981・岩波書店)』

[参照項目] | 金本位制度 | 金融政策 | ケインズ | 国際通貨基金 | 国際通貨問題 | 新自由主義 | 中央銀行 | ドル | 変動為替相場制

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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