Judging the quality of a product by human senses (sight, hearing, touch, taste, smell) and determining whether it meets certain standards. As physicochemical measuring instruments have developed, characteristics that were previously assessed by the senses have gradually been left to instrumental measurement. Nevertheless, even today, sensory assessment and testing are frequently performed in two cases: (1) when appropriate instruments have been developed, but relying on humans is necessary because it takes too much time, money, and effort, and (2) when appropriate instruments have not yet been developed and sensory testing is necessary. A representative example of the former is color, and the latter includes taste, smell, and visual design. The basic reasons for preferring instrumental measurements are that human senses vary too much from person to person, there is a large variation between days and times, and they are easily disturbed by sequence effects and position effects. In order to defend sensory testing against these, the following points must be noted. These include increasing reliability by selecting and training subjects (called panels), eliminating lies and bias by using randomization, and using experimental design methods to statistically eliminate various psychological effects. Measurement of thresholds and equivalence values is also included as part of sensory testing, but when dealing with these quantities in psychology and physiology, the concern is the limits that the human organism can achieve under optimal conditions, whereas in industrial applications the focus is on determining the limits that are acceptable when various disturbing factors are involved. [Masaaki Yoshida] "New Edition Sensory Inspection Guidebook" edited by the Sensory Inspection Committee of the Japan Science and Technology Agency (1973, Japan Science and Technology Agency Press) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
人間の感覚(視・聴・触・味・嗅(きゅう))によって、製品の品質を判定し、一定規格に合致するか否かを決めること。物理化学的計測器が発達するにつれて、いままで感覚で査定していた特性も、しだいに機器測定にゆだねられるようになる。それにもかかわらず、現代でも感覚を用いた査定・検査が頻繁に行われているのは、(1)適切な機器がいちおうは開発されているが、時間・費用・手間がかかりすぎるために、人間に依存する場合、(2)適切な機器が未開発なため、感覚による検査に頼らざるをえない場合、の2種ある。前者の代表は色であり、後者は味・においのほか、視覚的デザインを含む。機器測定のほうが好まれる基本的理由は、人間の感覚の個人差が大きすぎること、日間変動・時刻内変動が大きいこと、系列効果・位置効果などによって攪乱(かくらん)されやすいこと、などであるが、これに対して官能検査を弁護するためには、次のような留意が必要である。 被験者(パネルpanelという)の選抜と訓練により信頼性を高めること、確率化によって嘘(うそ)・偏りを除去するとともに、実験計画法を採用して、各種の心理効果を統計的に除去するよう配慮すること、などである。 閾値(いきち)や等価値の測定も、官能検査の一部に含まれるが、心理学・生理学において、これらの量を扱う場合には、人間という生物が最上の条件下で達成しうる限度を問題とするのに対し、工業への応用場面においては、各種攪乱要因の参与下で許容しうる限界を求めることが主題となる。 [吉田正昭] 『日科技連官能検査委員会編『新版官能検査ガイドブック』(1973・日科技連出版社)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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