Parliamentary Commissioner - gikaikomissho-naa

… In a federal system, the Senate plays a unique role as the representative body of each state, but not only in such a federal bicameral system, but in all other bicameral systems, the role of separation of powers is being reconsidered, and the Senate, which was once said to be "useless or even harmful" from a democratic standpoint, is now expected to be a place that reflects the will of the people in a multidimensional way. In addition, following the lineage of the Ombudsman system that originated in Northern Europe, especially Sweden, systems have been created that entrust more or less independent institutions with the role of monitoring and restraining the administration (Defense Commissioners in Germany, Parliamentary Commissioners in the UK, and Arbitrators in France). In response to the difficulty of separating powers between the legislative and executive powers, expectations are growing for the role of the judiciary, whose independence is guaranteed from the political branch (in countries where the administrative courts and constitutional courts are organized separately from the judicial courts, it would be better to call them the judicial branch as well). …

*Some of the terminology used to refer to "Parliamentary Commissioner" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

…　なお連邦制のもとでは，各邦代表機関としての上院が独自の役割をはたすが，そのような連邦制型両院制にかぎらず，両院制の権力分立的役割が見直され，かつては民主主義の立場から〈無用か，それとも有害〉といわれた上院が，国民意思を多次元的に反映する場としての期待が寄せられる。そのほか，北欧とりわけスウェーデンに起源をもつオンブズマンの制度の系譜をひいて，多かれ少なかれ独立した機関に行政の監察･抑制の役割を託す制度(ドイツの国防受託官，イギリスの議会コミッショナー，フランスの調停官)がつくられている。　立法権と行政権のあいだで権力分立が作動しがたくなるのに対応して，政治部門から独立の保障を与えられた司法部(行政裁判所や憲法裁判所が司法裁判所と別系列に組織されている国については，それらを含めて，裁判部門といったほうがよいであろう)の役割への期待が大きくなる。…

※「議会コミッショナー」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第２版について | 情報