Kanto Loam Formation

Japanese: 関東ローム層 - かんとうろーむそう
Kanto Loam Formation

Originally, it was a soil science name given to the reddish brown soil called red soil, which widely covers the plateaus and hills of the Kanto Plain, and was given to the soil around Tokyo. The red soil around Tokyo is a mixture of sand, silt, and clay in almost equal amounts, and has a particle size composition called loam in soil science, so it was given the name Kanto Loam. However, similar soils can be found outside the Kanto region and overseas. Although it is familiar to us, there have been many discussions about its origin. In the past, there was a theory that it was a residual soil formed by the soil formation process from the surface of the earth, such as volcanic ash layers. However, this theory has now been rejected, and it is thought that the Kanto Loam layer (and similar layers) were formed by the accumulation of fine-grained material carried by the wind that gradually fell to the ground, including the black soil at the top. Fine-grained material that may be carried by the wind includes volcanic ash brought by volcanic eruptions and wind-blown dust blown up from bare soil. There are wind-blown dust particles that are blown up from bare land around the craters of volcanoes, dust particles that are blown up from bare land other than volcanoes, and dust particles that are brought from distant continents, such as yellow sand. As to what of these particles accumulated to form the Kanto Loam Layer, there are two theories: one that it was volcanic ash from eruptions, and the other that it was wind-blown dust particles that were blown up from bare land near the craters.

The Kanto Loam Formation is divided into several strata in the order of the formation of the river and marine terraces that have been deposited. In southern Kanto, it is divided into four layers, from oldest to newest: Tama Loam, Shimosueyoshi Loam, Musashino Loam, and Tachikawa Loam.

The volume of the Kanto Loam layer, which has been deposited since the Middle Pleistocene, is enormous. This vast amount of Kanto Loam not only accelerated the filling of the Kanto Plain and expanded its land area, but also protected the plateau flat surface from erosion and delayed the development of hills. In this way, the Kanto Loam has had a major impact on the geographical development of the Kanto Plain.

[Tanio Itoh and Tomohiro Kasama]

[Reference items] | Red soil | Kanto Plain | Musashino | Loam

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

もともと関東平野の台地や丘陵を広く覆う赤土とよばれる赤褐色の土壌のうち、東京周辺のものにつけられた土壌学上の名称。東京周辺の赤土は、砂、シルト、粘土がほぼ等量混じり合っており、土壌学上ロームloamとよばれる粒度組成をもっていたため、関東ロームという名称が与えられた。しかし、同じようなものは関東地方以外や海外にもある。身近な存在であるが、その成因についてはさまざまな議論がなされてきている。かつては、火山灰層などが地表からの土壌化作用を受けて生じた残積性土壌であるという説があった。しかし、この説は現在では否定されており、関東ローム層(および同様の地層)は、最上部の黒土の部分を含め、風で運ばれた細粒物質が少しずつ地上に累積的に降下堆積(たいせき)して形成されたものであると考えられている。風で運ばれる可能性のある細粒物質には、火山噴火でもたらされた火山灰と裸地から風で舞い上がった風塵(ふうじん)がある。風塵には、火山の火口周辺の裸地から舞い上がったもの、火山以外の裸地から舞い上がったもの、黄砂(こうさ)のような遠方の大陸からもたらされたものがある。これらのうち、おもに何が累積的に堆積して関東ローム層をつくったかについては、噴火による火山灰とする説と火口近傍の裸地から舞い上がった風塵とする説とがある。

 関東ローム層は、堆積している河成段丘や海成段丘の形成時代順にいくつかの層準の地層に区分される。南関東では古いほうから、多摩ローム、下末吉ローム(しもすえよしろーむ)、武蔵野ローム(むさしのろーむ)、立川ロームの4層に区分されている。

 関東ローム層の量は、中期更新世以降堆積したものだけでも膨大である。この膨大な量の関東ロームは、関東平野の埋積を速め、陸域を拡大したばかりでなく、台地平坦(へいたん)面を侵食から守り、丘陵化を遅らせた。このように、関東ロームは関東平野の地形発達史にも大きな影響を与えている。

[伊藤谷生・笠間友博]

[参照項目] | 赤土 | 関東平野 | 武蔵野 | ローム

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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