Indirect aggression

Japanese: 間接侵略 - かんせつしんりゃく(英語表記)indirect aggression
Indirect aggression

In contrast to direct aggression, which refers to a direct armed attack on a foreign country, indirect aggression refers to an aggression that is carried out by manipulating foreign anti-government groups and providing them with material, financial, or military assistance in order to encourage armed uprisings or civil wars. The term itself was invented after World War II, but the concept is also reflected in the treaties on the definition of aggression that the Soviet Union, wary of counter-revolution, concluded with several countries in 1933. During World War II, the activities of Germany's fifth column attracted attention, and the prohibition of such acts became an issue at the time the UN Charter was established, but in the end no provisions were made in the Charter. However, countries often introduce the concept of indirect aggression into mutual treaties (for example, Article 1 of the former Japan-US Security Treaty) and domestic laws (for example, Article 3 of the Self-Defense Forces Law). The Declaration of Friendly Relations among Nations adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1970 states that "all States have the duty to refrain from organizing, instigating, aiding or participating in civil wars or acts of terrorism in other States," and a resolution on the definition of aggression adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1974 defines "the dispatch by or on behalf of a State of armed groups, associations, irregulars or mercenaries which commit serious acts of armed force against another State, or the substantial participation of a State in such acts" as a form of aggression. Although neither resolution uses the term "indirect aggression," it can be said that they essentially confirm the illegality of indirect aggression.

[Yasuo Ishimoto]

[Reference] | Invasion

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

外国に直接武力で攻撃を加えることを直接侵略というのに対して、外国の反政府団体を操作し、これに物的、財政的または軍事的援助を与え、武装蜂起(ほうき)、内乱などを促す形態で行われる侵略をいう。この用語自体は第二次世界大戦以後のものであるが、その観念は、たとえば1933年に反革命を警戒するソ連が若干の国と結んだ侵略の定義に関する諸条約にも表れている。第二次大戦中はドイツの第五列の工作が注目され、国連憲章制定当時に、このような行為の禁止が問題となったが、結局、憲章にはなんらの規定も設けられなかった。しかし各国は、相互の条約(たとえば旧日米安保条約第1条)や国内法(たとえば自衛隊法第3条)で、しばしば間接侵略の観念を導入している。1970年に国連総会で採択された諸国間友好関係宣言は、「すべての国家は、他の国家において内戦行為またはテロ行為を組織し、教唆し、援助を与え、もしくはそれらに参加すること」などを慎む義務を有するといい、74年に国連総会で採択された侵略の定義に関する決議は、「重大な武力行為を他国に対して実行する武装集団、団体、不正規兵または傭兵(ようへい)の国家による、もしくは国家のための派遣、またはこのような行為に対する国家の実質的関与」を侵略行為の一形態としている。いずれも間接侵略という用語は用いていないが、実質的に間接侵略の違法性を確認したものといってよい。

[石本泰雄]

[参照項目] | 侵略

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