This is a method unique to medieval society to express land and land rent in the unit of kanmon, a unit of currency. The Edo period agricultural policy book Jikatahanreiroku, compiled in 1794 (Kansei 6), records that kanko appeared around the Bun'ei period of the Kamakura period (late 13th century), and that kanko was used in both the eastern and western provinces during the Muromachi period. The background to the establishment of kanko was the situation in which feudal lords responded to the expansion of currency circulation and the collection of annual taxes from land by means of daisen-nou (money payment on a daisen basis) from the late 13th century to the early 14th century, and kanko began to be used to express the amount of annual taxes for each piece of field. Of course, this did not mean that everything was paid on a daisen basis, but gradually a standard common unit was established. The process of this remains to be investigated, as there is a lack of uniformity in the measurements of masu (measures) seen in each region and manor, and the conversion rate between rice and kanko. Regarding the standard common unit mentioned above, in the Sengoku period, the standard of 1 tan = 500 mon was seen in the territory of Itsukushima Shrine in the western part of the country, and a similar trend can be seen in the territory of the Gohojo clan in the eastern part of the country. Furthermore, the kanko was not only used to indicate the amount of annual tax, but also functioned as a standard for the Sengoku daimyo to grasp the amount of land owned by villages and vassals (feudal lords). Later, the kokudaka system was established when Toyotomi Hideyoshi pacified the country, but in the eastern part of the country, the eidaka notation still remained as the kanko to calculate and convert the amount of annual tax based on the value of the Eirakusen coin. Even in the early modern period, the influence of the kanko was great, as seen in the eidaka by the shogunate and the adoption of the kokukansen by the Mori clan in the western part of the country, which converted 1 koku of rice into 1 kanmon of coins. [Masaki Kubota] [Reference items] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
土地・地代などを銭貨の単位である貫文(かんもん)によって表示する中世社会特有の方法。江戸時代の農政書であり1794年(寛政6)に成立した『地方凡例録(じかたはんれいろく)』には、鎌倉期文永(ぶんえい)のころ(13世紀後半)より貫高が現れ、室町期には東国・西国ともに貫高になったと記されている。貫高成立の背景には、貨幣流通の拡大とともに、土地からの年貢収取を代銭納(だいせんのう)によって行っていくという、13世紀後半から14世紀前半ごろの領主諸層による対応という状況があり、貫高により田畑1枚ごとの年貢高が表示され始めていった。もちろんこれによってすべてが代銭納になったわけではないが、しだいにその標準的共通単位が示されていった。この過程の究明は、各地域・荘園(しょうえん)ごとにみられる枡(ます)の不統一や、米と貫高の換算率の問題として残されている。前述の標準的共通単位について、戦国期の場合では西国の厳島(いつくしま)社領に1反=500文という標準がみられ、東国の後北条(ごほうじょう)氏領国においても同様の傾向が指摘できる。また貫高は、年貢高表示にとどまらず、戦国大名による村落や家臣団(領主層)の所領高などを把握する際の基準として機能していった。のち豊臣(とよとみ)秀吉の全国平定により石高制が成立するが、なお東国では永楽銭(えいらくせん)の価値を基準に年貢高を算定・換算する貫高として永高(えいだか)表示が残った場合もみられ、近世においても幕府による永高や、米1石を銭1貫文の換算基準とした西国における毛利(もうり)氏の「石貫銭(こくかんせん)」の採用など、貫高が与えた影響は大きい。 [久保田昌希] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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