In quantum mechanical systems, this refers to a state of energy higher than the ground state. Quantum mechanical systems are atoms, molecules, electrons in solids, atomic nuclei, elementary particles, and other systems that must be treated using quantum mechanics rather than Newtonian mechanics. A general feature of quantum mechanical systems is that the energy that a system can take is limited to discrete values, and the lowest energy state (ground state) can be clearly distinguished from the state above it (first excited state) and the state above it (second excited state) by a finite energy difference. For example, the rotational motion of a hydrogen chloride molecule can only occur at an energy value of (ħ 2 /2 I ) J ( J +1) ( J = 0, 1, 2, ..., ħ is the quotient of Planck's constant divided by 2π, and I is the moment of inertia of the molecule), and there is an energy difference of ħ 2 / I between the ground state with J = 0 and the first excited state with J = 1, so even if hydrogen chloride gas molecules collide with each other, the molecules will not start rotating unless the collision is violent. Excited atoms and molecules often emit light as they fall to the ground state. Atomic nuclei emit gamma or beta rays, and may also emit neutrons. [Hiroshi Ezawa] "Modern Physics by Hiroshi Ezawa (1996, Asakura Publishing)" ▽ "Quantum Mechanics 1, 2 by Hiroshi Ezawa (2002, Shokabo Publishing)" [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
量子力学的な系について、基底状態より高いエネルギーの状態をいう。量子力学的な系とは、原子や分子、固体の中の電子など、また原子核や素粒子など、ニュートン力学によってではなく、量子力学を用いて扱わねばならない系のことである。その一般的特徴は、系のとりうるエネルギーがとびとびの値に限られることで、エネルギーのもっとも低い状態(基底状態)とその上の状態(第一励起状態)、さらにその上の状態(第二励起状態)などとは、有限のエネルギー差をもち判然と区別できる。たとえば、塩化水素分子の回転運動は(ħ2/2I)J(J+1)(J=0,1,2,……,ħはプランク定数を2πで割った商、Iは分子の慣性能率)という値のエネルギーでのみおこり、J=0の基底状態と、J=1の第一励起状態の間にはħ2/Iだけのエネルギー差があるので、塩化水素の気体で分子どうしが衝突しても、激しい衝突でない限り分子が回転を始めることはない。励起状態にある原子や分子は多くの場合、光を出して基底状態に落ちる。原子核ならγ(ガンマ)線やβ(ベータ)線を出し、中性子などを放出することもある。 [江沢 洋] 『江沢洋著『現代物理学』(1996・朝倉書店)』▽『江沢洋著『量子力学1、2』(2002・裳華房)』 [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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