Proximity effect

Japanese: 近接作用 - きんせつさよう
Proximity effect

The force that an object receives from the medium (or field) that it is in contact with. The magnitude and direction of the force are determined only by the state of the medium (or field) of the object (at a certain time and place), and are unrelated to the situation at distant points. Of course, over time, the situation at distant points can also propagate to the object's location and affect it. Speculatively, the theory of proximate action began in Descartes's Cosmology (1644). Descartes imagined that the universe is filled with the vortex motion of minute particles everywhere, and that celestial bodies are pushed and moved by them. Newton opposed this based on his own mechanics. When R. Hook considered light to be the vibration of a medium and called that medium the ether (around 1670), Newton did not completely oppose it.

Faraday was probably the first to think of proximity effect through experimental suggestions. He discovered electromagnetic induction in 1831, and at that time, he thought that the particles that make up the wire were in a "state of electrical tension". The following year, he imagined electrolysis as the propagation of polarization inside a solution, and in 1837, he likened it to electrostatic induction. As evidence, he presented an experiment in which the electrostatic induction effect of a charged insulator on a nearby small sphere was influenced by a metal plate placed between the two and transmitted in a curved manner. He thought that space (even without matter) was filled with tiny particles that were polarized one after another and transmitted the force of electrostatic induction, and called the lines of polarization electric lines of force. It was in 1845 that he extended this idea to magnetic phenomena and came up with the idea of ​​magnetic lines of force. J.C. Maxwell formulated the idea of ​​lines of force mathematically over several years from 1856, and established the theory of electromagnetic fields. His theory of the electromagnetic field as a medium, which he called the ether, became obsolete with the establishment of the theory of relativity (1905), but the idea of ​​proximity action via a field became indispensable. Basically, all physics today is based on the position that the vacuum carries the field and transmits the action.

[Hiroshi Ezawa]

"Modern Physics by Hiroshi Ezawa (1996, Asakura Publishing)"

[References] | Action at a Distance | Descartes | Newton | Faraday | Hooke | Maxwell

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

物体が、それに触れている媒質(または場)から受ける力。力の大きさと向きは(ある時刻・場所における)物体の媒質(または場)の状態のみにより決まり、離れた点の状況には無関係である。もちろん、時間がたてば離れた点の状況も物体の位置にまで伝播(でんぱ)して物体に影響を与えることがある。思弁的には、近接作用論はデカルトの『宇宙論』(1644)に始まる。デカルトは、宇宙は至る所微細な粒子の渦(うず)運動で満たされているとし、それによって天体は押し動かされるのであると想像した。ニュートンは彼自身の力学に基づいてこれに反対した。R・フックが光を媒質の振動と考え、その媒質をエーテルとよんだとき(1670前後)、ニュートンは全面的にはそれに反対していない。

 実験からの示唆で近接作用を考えた最初の人はファラデーであろう。彼は、1831年に電磁誘導を発見し、そのとき針金の構成粒子は「電気的緊張状態」にあると考えた。翌年には電気分解を溶液内部における分極の伝播として描像し、1837年には、それになぞらえて静電誘導を考えた。その証拠として、帯電した絶縁体による近くの小球への静電誘導作用が、両者の間に置いた金属板などに影響されて、曲がって伝わる実験を示した。彼は、空間には(たとえ物質がなくても)微細な粒子が満ちていて、それが次々に分極して静電誘導の力を伝えていくものと考え、その分極を連ねた線を電気力線(りきせん)とよんだ。この考えを磁気現象にまで広げて、磁力線に思い至るのは1845年である。力線の考えはJ・C・マクスウェルが1856年から数年かけて数式化し、電磁場の理論をたてた。彼がエーテルと名づけた電磁場の媒質論は、相対性理論(1905)の成立とともにすたれるが、場を介する近接作用の考え方はむしろ必須(ひっす)のものとなった。今日の物理学は基本的にはすべて、真空が場を担い、作用を伝えるという立場で構成されている。

[江沢 洋]

『江沢洋著『現代物理学』(1996・朝倉書店)』

[参照項目] | 遠隔作用 | デカルト | ニュートン | ファラデー | フック | マクスウェル

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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