Government prerogative -

Japanese: 官制大権 - かんせいたいけん

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【Japan】
Japan's civil service system was established from the mid-Meiji period in preparation for the establishment of the Meiji Constitution and the opening of the National Diet. The civil service system under the Meiji Constitution was regulated by the Civil Service Appointment Order, Civil Service Ranking Order, and Civil Service Discipline, which were enacted by Imperial decree without the need for the approval of the Diet, based on the Emperor's supreme power to organize and appoint officials as stated in Article 10 of the Meiji Constitution. Thus, civil servants were servants of the Emperor, bound by the concept of loyalty to the Emperor.

From the National Administrative Organization Act

…The second issue is the legal form that regulates administrative organizations. Under the Meiji Constitution, administrative organization regulations were generally based on the Emperor's prerogative to regulate the government (Article 10) and the inherent and independent administrative organization power of the executive branch, and in principle were matters of imperial decree (general rules for the government organization of each ministry and each ministry). However, under the current Constitution, based on the principle of popular sovereignty and the Diet's role as the "sole legislative organ" (Article 41), the above-mentioned prerogative to regulate the government and administrative organization power have been denied. In accordance with this purpose, the National Administrative Organization Act has traditionally adopted the principle of administrative organization statutoryity, with the aim of democratic control of administrative organizations by the Diet and disclosure to the public, and has generally made the establishment and abolition of ministries, committees, and agencies, the scope and authority of affairs under their jurisdiction, the establishment of secretariats and bureaus and the scope of affairs under their jurisdiction, and the establishment of councils and local branch offices, etc., matters of law (laws establishing ministries and agencies). …

From the National Public Service Act

…The first difference is where the authority to organize the civil service system resided. In other words, under the Meiji Constitution, the authority to organize the administrative and civil service systems belonged to the Emperor (preeminence over the civil service system). This is because Article 10 of the Meiji Constitution stipulated that "The Emperor shall determine the system of administration in each administrative department and the salaries of civil and military officials, and shall appoint and dismiss them," and the legal form that stipulated the civil service system was an "Imperial Ordinance" (the Civil Service Discipline and the Civil Service Disciplinary Order). …

*Some of the terminology used to refer to "official prerogatives" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

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【日本】
　日本の官吏制度は，明治憲法の制定と国会開設に備えて，明治中期より整備されていった。明治憲法下における官吏制度を規定するものは，明治憲法10条の天皇の官制大権と任官大権に基づき議会の協賛を必要としない勅令によって制定された文官任用令，文官分限令，官吏服務紀律等であった。こうして官吏は天皇への忠誠観念によって義務づけられた天皇の使用人であった。…

【国家行政組織法】より

…第2は，行政組織を規律する法形式の問題である。明治憲法下では，行政組織の規律は，一般に天皇の官制大権(10条)および行政府の固有かつ独立の行政組織権に基づき，原則として勅令事項(各省官制通則および各省官制)とされていたが，現行憲法下では，国民主権主義と国会の〈唯一の立法機関〉性(41条)に基づき，前述の官制大権と行政組織権が否定された。国家行政組織法は，この趣旨をうけて，従来，行政組織の国会による民主的統制と国民に対する公開を目的として，〈行政組織法定主義の原則〉を採用し，府省･委員会および庁の設置･廃止，所掌事務の範囲･権限，官房･局部の設置と所掌事務の範囲，審議会･地方支分部局の設置などを原則として法律事項(各省庁設置法)としてきた。…

【国家公務員法】より

…第1は，公務員制度の編成権の所在の相違である。すなわち，明治憲法の下では，行政制度や官吏制度の編成権は天皇に帰属していた(官制大権)。明治憲法10条は，〈天皇ハ行政各部ノ官制及文武官ノ俸給ヲ定メ及文武官ヲ任免ス〉と定めていたからであり，官吏制度を定めた法形式も〈勅令〉(官吏服務紀律や文官分限令)であった。…

※「官制大権」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について | 情報

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