Kanshu - Kanshu

Japanese: 監州 - かんしゅう

…Although the Tongban was slightly lower in rank than the Zhishu, he was not an aide or subordinate to the Zhishu, but had equal authority with the Zhishu and was in charge of the administration of the province together with the Zhishu. Moreover, since he monitored the Zhishu's actions and reported to the Imperial Court at all times, the Tongban was also called the "supervisor of the province" and was a nuisance to the Zhishu. During the Five Dynasties period, the officials of the prefectures at the bottom had been corrupted by the warlords and were at their mercy, so here too the government appointed officials from the central government as Zhishu and took direct control of the prefecture administration. …

From [General Judgment]

…The Tongji could also report the affairs of the provinces directly to the imperial court. When they were first established, they were called kanshu (supervisory offices) and had a strong supervisory role, but they gradually became deputies and were inherited by the Ming and Qing dynasties. [Kusano Yasushi]. …

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "kanshu" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…通判は地位こそ知州よりやや低いが，知州の副官や属官ではなく，権限は知州と対等で，共同して州の行政を担当するものであった。しかも知州の行動を監視し，随時朝廷に報告したので，通判は監州ともよばれ，知州にとってはうるさい存在であった。末端の県の官吏は，五代のとき軍閥に籠絡されて，そのなすがままになっていたので，ここでも中央の官員を知県に任命し，政府が直接に県政を掌握することにした。…