A mythical story about the creation of the universe. The origin of things such as the heavens and the earth, humans and other living things, and social organizations is a major theme in all myths, but the creation of the first world or the universe is an especially important theme because it precedes everything else. Creation myths of the heavens and the earth and the universe are found especially in highly developed cultural spheres, and can be broadly divided into two types based on their content: creative and developmental. The creative type is one in which the creation of the universe is understood as an act of creation, and there are two types: one in which a creator god creates it alone, as in the Book of Genesis in the Bible, and one in which a supreme god creates it together with others. There are many examples of the creation of the world being modeled on the reproductive acts of gods, as in the creation myths in the Kojiki and Nihonshoki. The developmental type is one in which the universe was created naturally, so to speak, without any deliberate intervention, and includes those that say it emerged from some first substance or chaos, those that say it grew from a cosmic egg or germ, and those that say all things came from the body or corpse of a primordial being in the form of a human or animal. These are merely tentative distinctions, and many, such as the Chinese Pan Gu myth, combine the cosmic egg motif with the primordial human transformation motif. It should be noted that the myths of the creation of the universe are considered to have presented a picture of the world at the time they were formed, but that over time they have also become the basis for the development of new speculations. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
宇宙の発生についての神話的な物語。天地,人間をはじめとする各種生物,社会組織など事物の起源は,すべての神話の主要なテーマであるが,そのなかでも最初の世界,または宇宙の発生は,すべてのものに先立つものだけに,重要なテーマとなっている。天地,宇宙の開闢神話はとりわけ高度に発展した文化圏にみられ,その内容から,創造型と発展型の二つに大別することができる。創造型とは,宇宙の成立を制作行為になぞらえて理解するもので,『聖書』の創世記にみられるように,創造神が単独で制作するという形式と,最高神が他と共同でこれを生み出すような形式とがある。記紀の国生み神話に語られるように,世界の発生を神々の生殖行為にかたどってみる例も多い。発展型とは,このように何らかの意図的な介入なしに,宇宙がいわば自然に生じたとするもので,ある最初の物質や混沌のなかから現れたとするもの,宇宙卵ないし胚芽から成長したとするもの,あるいはまた人間や動物の姿をもつ原存在の体ないし死体から,万物が生じたとするものなどがある。これらは一応の区別であって,多くは,たとえば,中国の盤古神話のように,宇宙卵モチーフと原人化生モチーフが結合したものである。宇宙開闢神話は,それが形成された時期の世界像を示したものとみられるが,時とともに,そのなかから新しい思弁が展開する基盤となったことも,注意しなければならない。
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