A general term for compounds in which the atoms that make up a molecule are bonded in a ring. Also called a cyclic compound or ring system. A term contrasted with open-chain compounds. Mainly found in organic compounds, compounds in which all the atoms that make up the ring are of the same type are called homocyclic compounds, while compounds containing atoms other than carbon (also called heteroatoms) are called heterocyclic compounds. Most of the former are carbocyclic compounds made up of carbon, but there are also compounds such as pentazole derivatives in which the ring is made up of only nitrogen. Cyclic compounds are classified according to the degree of unsaturation, aromaticity, ring size, number of condensed rings, etc. For example, carbocyclic compounds can be divided into aromatic compounds that contain a benzene ring in the molecule and alicyclic compounds that do not, depending on the ring structure. Although the latter have a cyclic structure, their properties are similar to those of aliphatic compounds with a chain structure, hence the name. The number of ring constituent atoms, n, is called the ring member number, and depending on the value of n, it is called a three-membered ring, a four-membered ring, etc. The chemical properties of a cyclic compound are determined by the size of the ring. Heterocyclic compounds have common names; for example, a three-membered ring ether is called an oxirane, and a three-membered ring imine is called an aziridine. They are also classified by functional groups, such as cyclic ketones, cyclic amides, and lactones. In recent years, cyclic compounds with unique structures have become known, and research into their chemical properties and uses is ongoing. [Mukai Toshio] “Structural Organic Chemistry” by Masazumi Nakagawa (1977, Shokabo)” [Reference] | |©Shogakukan "> Special cyclic compounds Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
分子を構成する原子が環状に結合した化合物の総称。環状化合物、環式体ともいう。鎖式(状)化合物に対比される語。主として有機化合物にみられ、環構成原子がすべて同種類のものを同素環式化合物、炭素以外の異原子(ヘテロ原子ともいう)を含むものを複素環式化合物(ヘテロ環式化合物)という。前者の大部分は炭素からなる炭素環式化合物であるが、ペンタゾール誘導体のように窒素のみで環を構成するものも存在する。 環式化合物は、不飽和度、芳香族性、環の大小、縮合環の数などによって分類される。たとえば炭素環式化合物は、環の構造により、分子内にベンゼン環を含む芳香族化合物と、それ以外の脂環式化合物に分けられる。後者は環式構造をもっているが、性質は鎖式構造の脂肪族化合物に似ているのでこの名がつけられた。 環構成原子の数nを環の員数といい、nの数に応じて3員環、4員環……などとよぶ。環式化合物の化学的性質は、環の大小により支配される。複素環式化合物には慣用名があり、たとえば3員環エーテルはオキシラン、3員環イミンはアジリジンなどとよばれている。さらに官能基による分類もあり、環状ケトン、環状アミド、ラクトンなどがこの例である。 近年になって特殊な構造をもつ環式化合物が知られるようになり、化学的性質、用途などの研究が進められている。 [向井利夫] 『中川正澄著『構造有機化学』(1977・裳華房)』 [参照項目] | |©Shogakukan"> 特殊な環式化合物 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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