Reductionism

Japanese: 還元主義 - かんげんしゅぎ(英語表記)reductionism
Reductionism

A position that seeks to explain complex and abstract phenomena and concepts from more fundamental elements at a single level. In particular, in philosophy of science, it refers to the positivist tendency to replace unobservable theoretical concepts and laws with a set of directly observable empirical propositions. Typical examples are empirical criticism by Mach and Avenarius, and logical positivism by Schlick and Carnap. The former aims for a "factual reduction" to sensory experience, while the latter aims for a "linguistic reduction" to observational propositions, but both share the same anti-metaphysical position. The latter is further divided into phenomenalism and physicalism, depending on whether the observational propositions are described in sensory data language or in matter language. In biology, reductionism refers to the position that life phenomena can be explained by the theories and laws of physics and chemistry, and is opposed to vitalism. Reductionism has pursued the ideal of a unified science by embracing behaviorism in psychology and methodological individualism in social science, but various difficulties have been pointed out for its claims and it has not been realized.

[Noya Keiichi]

"E. Mach, Wataru Hiromatsu and Gonosuke Sudo, "Analysis of Sensation" (1971, Hosei University Press)" "J. Hospers, Tetsuo Saito et al., "Introduction to Analytical Philosophy 2: Epistemology" (1972, Hosei University Press)"

[References] | Vienna Circle | Vitalism | Physical Language | Logical Positivism

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

複雑で抽象的な事象や概念を、単一のレベルのより基本的な要素から説明しようとする立場。とくに科学哲学では、観察不可能な理論的概念や法則を直接的に観察可能な経験命題の集合で置き換えようとする実証主義的傾向をさす。マッハやアベナリウスらの経験批判論、シュリックやカルナップらの論理実証主義がその典型である。前者が感覚的経験への「事実的還元」を目ざしたのに対し、後者は観察命題への「言語的還元」を目ざすという相違はあるが、ともに反形而上(けいじじょう)学の立場では軌を一にする。後者はさらに、観察命題の記述に感覚与件言語をとるか物言語をとるかに応じて、現象主義と物理主義とに分かれる。また生物学では、生命現象は物理学および化学の理論や法則によって解明可能であるとする立場をさし、生気論に対立する。還元主義は、心理学上の行動主義や社会科学上の方法論的個体主義を擁して、統一科学の理想を追求したが、その主張にはさまざまな困難が指摘されており、実現には至っていない。

[野家啓一]

『E・マッハ著、広松渉・須藤吾之助訳『感覚の分析』(1971・法政大学出版局)』『J・ホスパーズ著、斎藤晢郎他訳『分析哲学入門2 認識論』(1972・法政大学出版局)』

[参照項目] | ウィーン学団 | 生気論 | 物言語 | 論理実証主義

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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