Public utility charges - koukyouryokin

Japanese: 公共料金 - こうきょうりょうきん
Public utility charges - koukyouryokin

This refers to the price of goods and services that are of a strong public interest and are regulated by the national or local government. These goods and services are supplied by government enterprises and private enterprises that are known as public utilities. The reason that the government directly intervenes in determining prices is that optimal resource allocation cannot be expected if left to the private market, and considerations regarding income distribution are necessary. A typical example is a decreasing-cost industry. In this industry, huge facilities are required, so fixed costs are relatively large compared to total demand, economies of scale exist, and free competition between private companies results in the expansion of companies and the emergence of monopolies. This ultimately leads to high prices and huge monopoly profits, which are undesirable in terms of both income distribution and resource allocation, so government regulation is necessary.

[Tsuguo Fujino]

How utility rates are determined

Public utility fees can be classified according to the procedure for determining them as follows:

(1) Like postal rates, they are determined by law and can only be changed by resolution of the Diet.

(2) Those determined by administrative authorities, such as producer and consumer rice prices, tuition fees in national schools, etc.

(3) Prices that are determined by government approval, such as electricity, gas, and railway fares.

(4) Rates determined by local governments and reported to the government, such as public water rates.

(5) Those for which the prefectural governor determines the maximum price, such as fees for public baths.

In general, public utility rates are determined by political decisions, administrative decisions, or voluntary decisions by public utility operators, and it is difficult to stipulate a uniform method for which one is preferable, as it depends on the nature of the business and the external environment, etc. However, since the determination of public utility rates is a specialized and technical matter, and in order not to impede flexible management of business operations, it should not be influenced by the maneuvering of the ruling and opposition parties in the Diet.

[Tsuguo Fujino]

Components of utility charges

The full-cost approach and the fair remuneration principle are the basis for the calculation standards of the components of public utility fees. The full-cost approach is based on the costs required to carry out the business (operating expenses + depreciation expenses + interest paid + taxes), and aims to use the revenue that guarantees the costs as the calculation standard for determining fees. It is also called the cost guarantee approach, and corresponds to the principle of independent accounting. This determination method guarantees the stability of management, but has the problem of not creating a management incentive for cost reduction. In contrast, the fair remuneration principle is a fee determination method that allows a fair remuneration to be earned for "true and effective" business assets used for the benefit of consumers [operating expenses + (fair value of new assets at the time of construction - cost value of assets) x remuneration rate].

[Tsuguo Fujino]

Principles for determining public utility fees

In decreasing-cost industries such as electricity, gas, and water, economies of scale exist, fixed costs are huge compared to total demand, and the average cost curve intersects with the demand curve at the downward sloping part. In this case, from the policy goal of achieving efficient resource allocation, it is desirable to determine the price and production volume at the intersection of the demand curve and the marginal cost curve (marginal cost pricing principle). However, if such a pricing principle is adopted, losses will inevitably occur because the marginal cost curve is below the average cost curve. This deficit must be covered by raising revenue through taxes (lump sum fixed taxes) that do not distort the efficiency of resource allocation, whether public or private, and by providing subsidies. The standard for whether to provide subsidies to cover the deficit and supply this good or service depends on whether the total surplus of the entire economy, which is the sum of consumer surplus and producer surplus, exceeds the amount of the deficit.

There are two practical problems with adopting this principle of price formation. The first is that in reality, there is no such thing as a lump-sum fixed tax that does not distort resource allocation, and if it were replaced with an income tax, it would no longer be neutral with respect to resource allocation. The second problem is that if the government were to necessarily compensate for the company's losses, it would make it difficult for management incentives to minimize costs to work. From this perspective, in reality, the average cost principle of price formation or the self-reliant accounting principle, which do not cause losses, are sometimes adopted.

[Tsuguo Fujino]

Other policy objectives and utility rates

Although the determination of public utility fees has been discussed from the perspective of the efficient allocation of resources, in reality, it is also influenced by other economic policy goals. First, from the perspective of the fair distribution of income, there are discount systems for specific users (such as discounts on commuter and student train passes). In this case, income is transferred from general users to specific users, but this is not necessarily a fair redistribution of income when viewed from the perspective of the national economy as a whole. Also, public utility fees may be kept low from the perspective of price stability. In this case, consumption of these goods and services becomes excessive, distorting the efficient allocation of resources, and public enterprises will not be able to carry out their operations under their own responsibility unless the government compensates for the costs of implementing the policy equivalent to the amount of the price reduction.

[Tsuguo Fujino]

"Public Enterprise Theory," edited by Ichise Satoshi et al. (1977, Yuhikaku)""Public Utility Enterprise Theory," by Kita Hisakazu (1963, Toyo Keizai Shinposha)" ▽ "Modern Economics 2: Applied Economics," edited by Oishi Yasuhiko and Kumagai Nao (1970, Yuhikaku)""Price Theory II," edited by Imai Kenichi et al. (1971, Iwanami Shoten)""Contemporary Japanese Economic Policy," edited by Kaizuka Hiroaki and Kanemitsu Hideo (1981, Nihon Keizai Shimbun)""Public Utility Rate Handbook," edited by the Price Bureau of the Economic Planning Agency (1996, Economic Planning Association)"

[Reference items] | Fares | Gas business | Public utility business | Public enterprise | Waterworks | Electricity business

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

国または地方公共団体の規制のもとに置かれている公益性の強い財・サービスの価格をいう。これらの財・サービスは政府企業および民間企業のうち公益事業と称される事業によって供給されている。政府がその価格決定に直接介入する理由は、民間市場にゆだねておいては最適な資源配分が期待できなかったり、所得分配上の配慮が必要であったりするためである。典型的なケースとして費用逓減(ていげん)産業がある。この産業の場合には、巨大な設備を必要とするため総需要に比して固定費が相対的に大きく、規模の経済が存在し、私企業間の自由競争は企業の巨大化、独占の発生を結果する。このことはひいては高料金、巨大な独占利潤という、所得分配上も資源配分上も望ましくない状態を招くので、政府の規制が必要となる。

[藤野次雄]

公共料金の決定方法

公共料金をその決定手続の方法によって分類すると、以下のようになる。

(1)郵便料金などのように法律で定められ、その変更は国会の議決によるもの。

(2)生産者・消費者米価、国立学校の授業料などのように行政当局の決定により定められるもの。

(3)電力・ガス料金、鉄道運賃などのように政府の認可により定められるもの。

(4)公営水道料金などのように地方公共団体が決定し、政府に届け出るもの。

(5)公衆浴場の料金などのように都道府県知事が最高価格を決定するもの。

 一般的な公共料金の価格決定には、政治的決定、行政的決定、公益事業者の自主決定があり、どの方式が望ましいかは、事業の性格や外部環境などに依存するため、一律に規定することは困難である。しかし、公共料金の決定が専門的、技術的であり、企業経営の弾力的運営を妨げないためには、議会における与野党の駆け引きに影響されないようにすべきである。

[藤野次雄]

公共料金の構成要素

公共料金の構成要素として算定基準の根拠とされているものに、総括原価主義と公正報酬原則とがある。総括原価主義とは、事業の遂行に要する原価(営業費+原価償却費+支払利子+諸税金)を基礎にしてその原価を保証する収益を料金決定の算定基準にしようとするもので、原価保証主義ともいい、独立採算性の原則に対応するものである。この決定方式は経営の安定性を保証するものであるが、原価節減への経営的インセンティブ(誘因)を生じさせないという問題点をもっている。これに対して、公正報酬原則とは、消費者の便益のために使用されている「真実かつ有効な」事業財産に対して、公正報酬を得させる料金決定方式〔営業費+(建設当初の新財産の公正価値-財産価値の原価額)×報酬率〕である。

[藤野次雄]

公共料金の決定原理

電気、ガス、水道などの費用逓減産業では、規模の経済が存在し、固定費が総需要に比べて膨大であり、平均費用曲線の右下がりの部分で需要曲線と交わる。この場合、資源の効率的配分を達成するという政策目標からは、需要曲線と限界費用曲線との交点で価格と生産量を決定すること(限界費用価格形成原理)が望ましい。しかし、このような価格形成原理を採用すると、限界費用曲線が平均費用曲線より下方にあるため、かならず損失が生じる。この赤字は、公企業でも私企業でも、資源配分の効率性をゆがめないような税金(一括固定税)で収入を調達し、補助金を交付して補填(ほてん)しなければならない。ところで、補助金を交付してまでも赤字を埋め、この財・サービスを供給すべきかどうかの基準は、消費者余剰と生産者余剰を合計した経済全体の総余剰が赤字額を上回っているかどうかに依存する。

 この価格形成原理を採用するうえでの実際上の問題点として次の2点があげられる。第一は、資源配分をゆがめないような一括固定税といったものは現実には存在しえないし、さらに所得税で代替する場合には資源配分に中立的でなくなることである。第二は、政府がこの企業の赤字をかならず補填するということによって、費用最小化への経営的インセンティブが働きにくくなるという問題である。このような観点から、現実的には赤字を生じさせない平均費用価格形成原理ないし独立採算主義が採用される場合がある。

[藤野次雄]

他の政策目標と公共料金

公共料金の決定について、資源の効率的配分の観点から述べたが、現実には他の経済政策の目標からも影響を受ける。まず、所得の公平分配という観点から、特定の需要者に対する割引制度(鉄道の通勤・通学定期券割引など)がある。この場合、一般の需要者から特定の需要者に所得が移転することになるが、それは国民経済全体からみるとかならずしも公平な所得再分配であるとは限らない。また、物価安定という観点から、公共料金を低く抑える場合がある。この場合には、この財・サービスの消費は過大になり、資源の効率的配分がゆがめられるとともに、価格を低く抑えた分に相当する政策実行上のコストを政府が補填しない限り、公企業は自己責任のもとで経営を遂行することができなくなる。

[藤野次雄]

『一瀬智司他編『公共企業論』(1977・有斐閣)』『北久一著『公益企業論』(1963・東洋経済新報社)』『大石泰彦・熊谷尚夫編『近代経済学2 応用経済学』(1970・有斐閣)』『今井賢一他編『価格理論Ⅱ』(1971・岩波書店)』『貝塚啓明・兼光秀郎編『現代日本の経済政策』(1981・日本経済新聞社)』『経済企画庁物価局編『公共料金ハンドブック』(1996・経済企画協会)』

[参照項目] | 運賃 | ガス事業 | 公益事業 | 公企業 | 水道事業 | 電気事業

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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