Agricultural management that uses family labor as the core of agricultural production. Since management and household finances are not separated, unlike capitalist companies whose management goal is profit, the goal is to maintain and improve the family's livelihood. Family labor is suitable for managing crops and livestock, and the majority of agricultural production in the world is still carried out by family farms today. Family farms inherited from pre-modern society are linked to patriarchal family systems and pre-modern land systems, and agricultural production is carried out with a high input of labor alone. However, under modern family and land systems, there is a tendency for farms to be divided into capital-intensive management that expands in scale and part-time farms where most of the family labor is employed outside of farming. In Japan, the Basic Agricultural Law enacted in 1961 aimed to foster independent farms (family farms with modern family relationships, high productivity, and agricultural income equivalent to that of working households), but in the subsequent rapid shift to part-time farming, the law aimed to foster core farms (family farms with a core male farmer who works full-time). The Basic Law on Food, Agriculture, and Rural Areas, which came into force in 1999 to replace the Basic Agricultural Law, also positions family farms as one of the diverse sources of agricultural production, along with agricultural corporations. [Tadashi Tadashi and Yoshiko Mori] [References] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
家族労働力を基幹として農業生産を営む農業経営。経営と家計とが未分離であるため、利潤を経営目標とする資本制企業とは異なり、その目標が家族の生活の維持向上に置かれる。家族労働は作物や家畜の管理作業に向いており、世界の農業生産の大部分は、現在なお家族農業経営によって担われている。前近代社会から継承された家族農業経営では、家父長的家族制や前近代的土地制度と結び付いて、労働のみを多投する農業生産が営まれる。しかし近代的な家族・土地制度のもとでは、資本集約的に規模拡大を行う経営と、家族労働力の多くが農外就業する兼業農家とに分かれる傾向がみられる。わが国では、1961年(昭和36)制定の農業基本法は、自立経営農家(近代的家族関係、高い生産性、勤労者世帯と均衡する農業所得などをもつ家族農業経営)の育成を目標としたが、その後の激しい兼業化のなかで、中核農家(基幹男子農業専従者のいる家族農業経営)の育成が目ざされた。農業基本法にかわって1999年(平成11)に施行された食料・農業・農村基本法においても、家族農業経営は、農業法人とともに農業生産の多様な担い手の一つに位置づけられている。 [田 忠・森 佳子] [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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