Gas engine

Japanese: ガス機関 - がすきかん
Gas engine

An engine that uses room temperature gases such as coal gas, blast furnace gas, coke oven gas, charcoal gas, firewood gas, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), liquefied natural gas (LNG), hydrogen gas, reformed gas, and generated gas as fuel. Generally refers to a reciprocating internal combustion engine.

The first internal combustion engines were steam engines that were ignited by supplying a mixture of city gas and air. Later, almost all four-stroke and two-stroke internal combustion engines developed by Otto of Germany and Dugald Clerk (1854-1932) of England used coal gas produced in a coal gas generator as fuel. These gas engines, especially Otto's engines, developed into large, high-power, high-thermal efficiency engines for use in factories and power generation, and were representative of internal combustion engines in the early 20th century. These high-power engines were horizontally mounted, comb-shaped, multi-cylinder engines, and many of them were double-acting. Large two-stroke engines were also made, and were double-acting or uniflow types with scavenging fans for air and gas. Thermal efficiency was about 34% for Otto engines and about 29% for two-stroke engines. They had a rotation speed of about 100 revolutions per minute, a piston with a diameter of over 1 meter and a stroke of about 1.4 meters, and were about the same size as the diesel engines used in large ships today. These large gas engines, especially those used for power generation, disappeared with the development of steam turbines and diesel engines and the advancement of hydroelectric power generation, and now medium-sized gas engines are used that use coke oven gas, blast furnace gas, and gas generated from dirt.

Conventional large and medium-sized gas engines use coal gas and other fuels, so their use was limited to ground-based installations due to the need to pipe the fuel. However, when it became possible to liquefy gas at high pressure and low temperature, it became relatively easy to transport fuel, and gas engines that use gasoline engines to vaporize and supply LPG came into use. LPG is mainly composed of propane and butane, and can be liquefied by pressurizing at room temperature, so it is also used in automobiles by loading high-pressure containers onto vehicles. When LPG is used, it is gasified using a pressure regulator, and an LPG mixer is installed instead of the gasoline engine's carburetor, and the LPG vaporized in the mixer is mixed with air and supplied. The rest is the same as a gasoline engine.

Gas engines that use hydrogen gas as fuel are also being developed, and reciprocating internal combustion engines for automobiles and jet engines for aircraft are being considered. Although these are essentially the same as current engines that use liquid fuel, the development of a method for transporting the fuel is the key to their realization.

[Masatake Yoshida]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

燃料として常温の気体である石炭ガス、溶鉱炉ガス、コークス炉ガス、木炭ガス、薪炭(しんたん)ガス、液化石油ガス(LPG)、液化天然ガス(LNG)、水素ガス、改質ガス、発生ガスなどを用いる機関。一般には往復動内燃機関をいう。

 内燃機関の最初は蒸気機関に都市ガスと空気の混合気を供給し点火したものであった。その後ドイツのオットー、イギリスのクラークDugald Clerk(1854―1932)らの開発した4行程、2行程の内燃機関はほとんどすべてが、石炭ガス発生装置で製造した石炭ガスを燃料に用いた。これらのガス機関、とくにオットーの機関は工場、発電用として大型、大出力、高熱効率の機関に発展し、20世紀の初頭では内燃機関を代表するものであった。これらの大出力機関は横置き、串形(くしがた)多気筒機関で複動型も多かった。また2行程機関も大型のものがつくられ、空気用とガス用の掃気送風機をもつ複動型かユニフロー型であった。熱効率はオットー機関で34%程度、2行程機関で29%程度であった。回転数は毎分100回転程度で、ピストンの直径1メートル以上、行程1.4メートル程度の大きなもので、現在の大型船舶用のディーゼルエンジンと同程度の大きさであった。これら大型ガス機関、とくに発電用は、蒸気タービン、ディーゼルエンジンの開発、水力発電の発達とともになくなり、現在ではコークス炉ガス、高炉ガス、汚れからの発生ガスを用いる中型のガス機関が使用されている。

 従来の大・中型ガス機関は石炭ガスなどを用いるため、燃料を配管する都合上、地上据置き用に用途が限定されていた。しかし、高圧・低温でガスを液化することが可能になると、燃料の運搬は比較的容易になり、ガソリンエンジンを用い、液化石油ガスを気化して供給するガス機関が用いられるようになった。液化石油ガスの主成分はプロパン、ブタンで、常温で加圧することによって液化できるので、高圧容器を車に積載して、自動車用にも用いられている。液化石油ガスを用いるときは圧力レギュレーターでガス化し、ガソリンエンジンの気化器のかわりにLPG混合器をつけ、混合器で気化した液化石油ガスと空気を混合し供給する。そのほかはガソリンエンジンと同じである。

 また水素ガスを燃料とするガス機関が開発されており、自動車用の往復動内燃機関、航空機用のジェットエンジンが考えられている。基本的には現在の液体燃料を用いる機関と同じであるが、燃料の運搬方法の開発が実現の鍵(かぎ)になっている。

[吉田正武]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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