Water Master (Hand) Role - Kakoyaku

Japanese: 水主（手）役 - かこやく

...The kaiko was established after the Tokugawa clan entered the Kanto region, and was born during the process of the formation of early modern fishing villages, which included the establishment of fishing rights. The establishment of fishing rights is also closely related to the burden of the kakoyaku (sailants) who were conscripted to cross the sea and rivers for the transport of soldiers and rice during wartime, or for business on the lord's behalf. Considering that the kakoyaku was linked to the honnengu tax and was established as a quick response to the procurement of military service, which was based on the conscription of male civil servants, the kaiko is thought to be related to this. ...

From [Sailor]

…Generally, it refers to lower-ranking sailors under higher-ranking sailors such as oarsmen and boatmen, but in the past it was also used as a general term for sailors. It can also be written as 'mizunoshu'. Under the Ritsuryo system, sailors and fishermen were forced into labor or employed as sailors to transport state tributes. However, unlike oarsmen, it was simple labor that did not require special skills, so the compensation was less than that of oarsmen. In the case of coastal manors, ordinary landowners often became sailors as paid labor to transport manor tributes, and inland manors such as Niimi Manor in Bitchu Province, landowners were often required to pay rice and other items as sailors, and used that money to hire sailors at the port. …

From [Fishing Tax]

...A type of floating labor that is tied to the village tax and has a fixed amount recorded in the village register, or is not tied to the village tax but is recorded in the village register (sometimes it is not recorded). The former is mostly revenue from the mountains, fields, rivers, and seas, while the latter is tax levied on floating items such as fish caught. They can be broadly divided into water labor, which has a similar flavor to manpower labor, and ura labor, which is equivalent to farm labor. This is the payment for feudal fishing rights in the frontier fishing industry of early modern fishing villages (urakata, and half-farming, half-fishing villages where the main fisherman was a farmer, or haura) that were established and established by separation from the villages (jikata) during the establishment of the feudal domain system.

*Some of the terminology explanations that refer to the "Suishu (Tech) Yaku" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…海高は徳川氏の関東入部以後の設定になり，漁業権の確立を内包する近世漁村の成立過程で誕生した。漁業権の確立はまた，戦時の兵員･米輸送，領主御用など渡海渡川時に徴用される水主(水手)役（かこやく）の負担の有無と関係が深い。水主役が本年貢に結びつけられ，夫役人徴発を根底にもつ軍役調達への即応形態として置かれたものであることを考えると，海高もそれにつながると思われる。…

【水手】より

…一般には梶取，船頭などの上級船員に対して，その配下の下級船員を指すことが多いが，古くは船員の総称として用いられることもあった。〈水主〉とも書く。律令制下で国家貢納物の輸送には，海人･漁民などを徭役あるいは雇用して水手とした。しかし梶取と異なって，特別の技術を要しない単純労働であるから，梶取に比すれば代償は少なかった。荘園年貢の輸送には臨海荘園の場合，一般領民が夫役として水手になることが多く，また備中国新見荘のような内陸荘園では，領民に水手役として米などを代納させ，それをもって港湾で水手を雇うのが例であった。…

【漁業年貢】より

…村高に結び郷帳に定納が銘記されている小物成（こものなり），あるいは村高に結ばないが郷帳外書に記される(不記入の場合もある)浮役の一種。前者はほとんど山野河海から揚がる収益，後者は魚など収獲浮遊物に対して賦課された貢租で，大きくは夫役的色彩をもつ水主役（かこやく）と農村の田畑貢租に相当する浦役とに分けることができる。これは幕藩制成立期に村方(地方（じかた）)との分離によって成立，確定した近世漁村(浦方，および主漁従農の半農半漁村＝端浦（はうら）)の，地先漁業における封建的漁業権の対価となるものである。…

※「水主（手）役」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について | 情報

<<: Cacoyannis, M.

>>: Kagomenori - Kagomenori