Vanilla - vanilla (English spelling)

Japanese: バニラ - ばにら(英語表記)vanilla
Vanilla - vanilla (English spelling)

A perennial evergreen vine of the orchid family (APG classification: Orchidaceae). It is native to the tropical regions of southeastern Mexico to Central and South America. Aerial roots emerge from the base of each leaf on the vine, and the plant can grow to over 10 meters by climbing other trees and absorbing nutrients and moisture. The leaves are fleshy, elliptical, and alternate, and the flowers grow in racemes in the axils near the tip of the stem. The corolla is yellowish-white, about 4 cm long, and has a shape typical of orchids, but it is only half-open and does not open fully. The fruit is cylindrical and triangular, 20 to 30 cm long and about 1 cm in diameter. It ripens fully 4 months after flowering and turns black-brown. Inside it are many tiny seeds wrapped in brown mucus.

It is a tropical plant that requires high temperatures and humidity and is cultivated in tropical regions around the world. It is mainly grown in Madagascar, Costa Rica, the West Indies, Indonesia, and the islands of Oceania, and has been cultivated since the 19th century. It is propagated by cutting the vines short and making cuttings. It starts to bear fruit about three years after planting, and from then on, several dozen fruits can be obtained from one plant every year. Since there are no insect vectors outside of its native habitat, artificial pollination is necessary. The fruit is harvested before it is fully ripe, slightly dried, and then slowly fermented, avoiding over-drying. The fruit turns a supple chocolate color and emits a unique, noble, strong, sweet fragrance, known as vanilla aroma. This is because the vanillin glycoside contained in the fruit is broken down by the enzyme emulsin in the cells, and vanillin with the vanilla aroma is isolated and produced.

[Hoshikawa Kiyochika May 21, 2019]

Food

The fruits (vanilla beans) are harvested while still unripe, fermented, and the sweet aroma is extracted, then diluted with alcohol to produce the liquid that is sold commercially as vanilla essence. It is used to flavor ice cream, puddings, cookies, cakes, candy, bavarois, cream, confectionery, soft drinks, and tobacco. After fermentation, vanilla beans are powdered and used to flavor Western confectionery, and vanilla sugar, which is made by mixing vanilla beans with sugar, is essential for making sweet chocolate. Vanilla was brought to Europe when Columbus discovered the Americas, but today the main production areas are Indonesia and Madagascar, which account for more than 65% of the world's production.

[Hiroshi Saito May 21, 2019]

Vanilla beans
Vanilla is made by harvesting unripe fruits, fermenting them, and drying them. The pods contain many small seeds, which are used to flavor sweets and drinks. The pods can be washed, dried, and reused many times. ©Shogakukan ">

Vanilla beans


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ラン科(APG分類:ラン科)の多年生常緑藤本(とうほん)(つる植物)。原産地は南東メキシコから中南米の熱帯地方。つる茎の各葉の付け根から気根を出し、他の木などをよじ登り、養水分を吸って十余メートルにも伸びる。葉は肉厚、楕円(だえん)形で互生し、花は茎の先端部近くの葉腋(ようえき)に総状花序をなしてつく。花冠は黄白色、長さ約4センチメートル、ラン特有の形であるが半開きで全開はしない。果実は円柱形で三稜(りょう)があり、長さ20~30センチメートル、径約1センチメートル。花期後4か月で完熟し、黒褐色になる。内部は褐色の粘液に包まれた微小な種子が多く入っている。

 高温・多湿を要する熱帯植物で、世界の熱帯で栽培される。主産地はマダガスカル島、コスタリカ、西インド諸島、インドネシア地域、オセアニアの島々などであり、19世紀から栽培が始められた。繁殖は、つる茎を短く切って挿苗をつくる。定植後3年ほどから結実を始め、以後1株から毎年数十個の果実が得られる。原産地以外では媒介昆虫がいないので、人工受粉が必要である。果実は完熟しないうちに採取して、やや乾かしてから、過乾を避けてゆっくり発酵させる。果実はしなやかなチョコレート色になり、特有の高貴で強い甘い香り、いわゆるバニラ香を発する。これは、果実に含まれるバニリン配糖体が、細胞中の酵素エムルシンによって分解され、バニラ香をもつバニリンが単離生成されるためである。

[星川清親 2019年5月21日]

食品

果実(バニラビーンズ)を未熟なうちに収穫、発酵させ、甘い芳香を出させて抽出した液をアルコールで薄めたものがバニラエッセンスとして市販されている。アイスクリーム、プディング、クッキー、ケーキ、キャンディ、ババロア、クリーム、菓子類やソフトドリンクの香味づけに、またたばこのフレーバーづけにも用いられる。発酵させたあとのバニラビーンズは、粉末にして洋菓子類の香味づけに用いられ、またこれを砂糖と混ぜたバニラシュガーはスウィートチョコレート作りに欠かせない。コロンブスのアメリカ大陸発見によってヨーロッパにもたらされたが、現在の主産地はインドネシアとマダガスカル島で、世界の生産高の65%以上を占めている。

[齋藤 浩 2019年5月21日]

バニラビーンズ
バニラの未熟果を収穫して醗酵、乾燥させたもの。莢の中には小さな種子が数多く入っていて、菓子類や飲み物の香りづけに利用する。莢は洗浄、乾燥させて何度も使うことができる©Shogakukan">

バニラビーンズ


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