Over-cultivation

Japanese: 過耕作 - かこうさく
Over-cultivation

…Desertification is considered to be a global problem of land degradation, and its causes include climatic factors such as the shift of arid land due to changes in atmospheric circulation on a global scale, and anthropogenic factors such as human activities that exceed the tolerable limits of the regeneration cycle in the already fragile ecosystems of arid and semi-arid regions. Anthropogenic factors include overgrazing of livestock beyond the regeneration capacity of grassland, the decline in soil fertility due to shortening of fallow periods (overcultivation), and the excessive collection of firewood and charcoal. The problem is serious because, against the backdrop of poverty and population growth in developing countries, the deterioration of food production base due to desertification may lead to further overgrazing and overcultivation, which may lead to a vicious cycle of further desertification. According to UNEP assessments in 1984 and 1991, the desertification situation has not improved during those years, and as of 1991, 3.6 billion hectares of land (1.3 billion hectares in Asia and 1 billion hectares in Africa) are affected by desertification, and the affected population is 900 million people. …

*Some of the terminology that refers to "over-cultivation" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…砂漠化は広く世界的な土地劣化という枠組みのなかでとらえられているわけだが,その原因として,地球的規模での大気循環の変動によって乾燥地が移動するなどの気候的要因と,乾燥地域や半乾燥地域のもともと脆弱な生態系の中で,その再生産のサイクルの許容限度を超えた人間活動を行うという人為的要因とがあるとされる。人為的要因には,草地の再生能力を超えた家畜の放牧(過放牧),休耕期間の短縮が招く地力の低下(過耕作),薪炭材の過剰な採取などがあげられているが,この問題が深刻なのは,開発途上国の貧因と人口増加を背景に,砂漠化の影響による食糧生産基盤の悪化によってさらに過放牧,過耕作がなされ,次の砂漠化を生んでしまうという悪循環が生じかねないからである。84年と91年のUNEPの評価によれば,その間の砂漠化の状況は改善されておらず,91年現在,砂漠化の影響を受けている土地は36億ha(アジア13億ha,アフリカ10億ha),影響を受けている人口は9億人とされる。…

※「過耕作」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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