Curry (English spelling)

Japanese: カレー(英語表記)curry
Curry (English spelling)
A sauce made by mixing powdered spices to give it a flavor, or a dish that uses it. It is said to have originated in India and has spread throughout the world today. It comes from the Tamil word kari (meaning sauce or sauce). Most Indian curries are made by mixing onions, ginger, and garlic with spices such as cardamom, cinnamon, cloves, coriander, cumin, fennel seeds, fenugreek, mustard, black pepper, chili pepper, and turmeric. Curry leaves, chilies, nutmeg, mace, poppy seeds, star anise, and laurel leaves may also be added. Curry powder, a premix of these ingredients, was distributed by the British, who had colonial rule over India. It was imported to Japan after the Meiji period, and became popular as curry rice, made by frying curry powder and flour in butter, thinning it with soup, adding meat and vegetables, and seasoning it, then pouring it over hot rice.
In India, a powdered seasoning made from a mixture of spices is called masala. There are also pastes made with water and vinegar. Curries in South India, where there are many vegetarians, are seasoned with a seasoning mixture called sambar podi and contain chili, making them very spicy. In contrast, garam masala, a typical seasoning in North India, is made only with raw cardamom seeds, cinnamon, cloves, and black pepper, avoiding spiciness.

curry
Calais

A port city on the Strait of Dover in the northern part of the Pas-de-Calais department in northern France. It is 34 km from Dover on the other side of the strait, making it the closest city to England. In the early Middle Ages, the port of Wissant, 15 km southwest, was used, and Calais was merely a small fishing port. From around the 12th century, Calais took over from Wissant, and in 1224, it was fortified by the Count of Boulogne. In 1347, King Edward III of England occupied the port after an 11-month siege, and it remained in British possession until 1558. It then became a Spanish territory for a time, and was returned to France in 1598. It was only in the 19th century, when connections to the hinterland were established by rail, canals, and roads, that Calais developed as a port in northern France. As a cargo port, it is a regional port that handles only about 1 million tons of lumber and coal per year, which is not as large as its rival, the port of Boulogne-sur-Mer, but the number of passengers far exceeds that of the port of Boulogne-sur-Mer. Its industries are famous for machine-woven lace and tulle, and embroidery, which are exported all over the world. Other industries include food, machinery, and chemicals. It is also important as a tourist city, with a fortress (1560), Rodin's masterpiece "The Burghers of Calais" (1884-86) in the Town Hall Square, an old watchtower (13th century), Notre Dame Cathedral (14th-16th century), and a 7km-long bathing beach. Population 75,836 (1990).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
粉末状の香辛料を混ぜ合わせて風味をつけたソース,あるいはそれを使った料理。起源はインドとされ,今日では世界に広がった。タミル語の kari(ソース,たれの意)に由来する。インドカレーの多くは,タマネギ,ショウガ,ニンニクを混ぜたものに,カルダモン,シナモン,チョウジ(クローブ),コエンドロ(コリアンダー),クミン,ウイキョウ(フェンネル)の種,フェヌグリーク,芥子(マスタード。→カラシナ),黒コショウ(→コショウ),トウガラシ,ウコン(ターメリック)などの香辛料を加えてつくられる。カレーリーフ,チリ,ナツメグ,メース(ナツメグの仮種皮),ケシの実,ハッカクの実(スターアニス。→シキミ科),ローレル(ゲッケイジュの葉)を加えることもある。これらをあらかじめ調合したカレー粉は,インドを植民地支配していたイギリス人によって流通した。日本には明治以後輸入され,カレー粉と小麦粉をバターで炒めてスープで伸ばしたものの中に肉や野菜を加え調味し,それを熱い飯にかけるカレーライスとして広まった。
インドでは香辛料を調合した粉末状の調味料をマサラ masalaと呼ぶ。水や酢などを加えたペーストもある。菜食主義者の多い南インドのカレーは,サンバールポディ sambar podiと呼ばれる混合調味料で味つけされ,チリが含まれていて非常に辛い。対照的に,北インドの代表的な調味料であるガラムマサラ garam masalaは生のカルダモンの種,シナモン,クローブ,黒コショウのみでつくられ,辛味を避けている。

カレー
Calais

フランス北部,パドカレー県北部のドーバー海峡 (カレー海峡) にのぞむ港湾都市。海峡対岸のドーバーまで 34kmで,イギリスへ最短の都市である。中世初期には南西方 15kmにあるウィッサン港が利用され,カレーは小漁港にすぎなかった。 12世紀頃からウィッサンに代って発展,1224年ブーローニュ伯により要塞化された。 1347年イングランド王エドワード3世は 11ヵ月にわたる包囲ののち同港を占領,1558年までイギリスの領有が続いた。その後一時スペイン領となり,1598年フランスに復帰した。フランス北部の港として発展したのは鉄道,運河,道路など後背地との連絡が確立された 19世紀に入ってからである。貨物港としては木材,石炭など年間約 100万tの荷扱いにとどまる地方港で,競合するブーローニュシュルメール港には及ばないが,旅客数ではブーローニュシュルメール港を大きく上回る。工業はレース,チュールの機械織り,刺繍が有名で,全世界に輸出されている。ほかに食品,機械,化学の工業などがある。要塞 (1560) ,市庁舎広場のロダンの傑作『カレーの市民』像 (1884~86) ,旧見張り塔 (13世紀) ,ノートルダム聖堂 (14~16世紀) ,さらに 7kmに及ぶ海水浴場などがあり,観光都市としても重要。人口7万 5836 (1990) 。

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