... As a social institution, trade guilds and itinerant societies gradually fell into disuse as industrialization progressed, but the tradition of fraternal societies continued among workers and artisans, becoming the basis for labor unions and various fellow societies that served as the basis for political and social activities. Furthermore, with the spread of higher education, various student societies were born (such as the famous Burschenschaft in Germany and the American fraternity Phi Beta Kappa). Of these fraternal societies, the most notable are the Freemasons, which began in the 18th century, Saint-Simonism in the early 19th century, and the various social reform societies based on the utopian socialism of R. Owen, C. Fourier, and others. *Some of the terminology used to refer to "student organizations" is listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
… 他方,社会的な制度としては,工業化の進展するなかで,同業組合や遍歴制度はしだいに廃れたが,しかし労働者・職人の間で友愛団体の伝統は存続し,労働組合の母胎ともなり,またさまざまな仲間団体として政治活動や社会活動の基盤となった。さらに高等教育の普及とともに,各種学生団体(たとえばドイツのブルシェンシャフトやアメリカのフラターニティのファイ・ベータ・カッパーなどが有名)を生んだ。このような友愛団体のうちとくに注目されるのは,18世紀にはじまるフリーメーソンや19世紀はじめのサン・シモン主義をはじめ,R.オーエン,C.フーリエらの各種のユートピア社会主義にもとづく社会改良団体である。… ※「学生団体」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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