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Japanese: 格式 - きゃくしき

One of the ancient legal systems. It originated in China and formed a system together with the "Ritsuryo" and "Ryo". "Kaku" is a supplementary law to the Ritsuryo Code, and refers to "somewhat major matters", while "Shiki" is an implementing rule, and refers to "somewhat minor matters". Both were temporarily enacted as necessary in the form of imperial edicts or Dajokan documents. The "Kaku" were compiled three times: (1) "Kōnin Kaku" (→ Kōnin Kakushiki), which contains the years Taihō 1 (701) to Kōnin 10 (819); (2) "Teigan Kaku" (→ Teigan Kakushiki), which contains the years Kōnin 11 (820) to Jōgan 10 (868); and (3) "Engi Kaku", which contains the years Jōgan 11 (869) to Engi 7 (907). Furthermore, in the 10th and 11th centuries, the Ruiju Sandai Kaku was compiled, which classified the three Kaku (1) to (3) by category, and was highly valued by the public. The distinctive feature of the compilation of the Kaku was that it included almost all of the original laws, such as the Dajokanfu. The Shiki was supposed to be closely related to the Ritsuryo in terms of practical use, but its development was delayed, and initially it was used to organize the practice of various government offices, called Rei and Bekki, for administrative use. The Shiki for the two eras of Kōnin and Jōgan were compiled along with the Kaku, but their compilation was delayed. Next, in 927, Fujiwara no Tadahira and others compiled the Engishiki, a compilation of the Kōnin and Jōgan Shiki, at the decree of Emperor Daigo. However, due to adjustments to the previous law, it was not implemented until 967. The distinctive feature of the compilation of the "Shiki" is that it does not preserve the original form of the laws, but rather compiles their conclusions in a set of articles. In addition, there were "Shoshiki" prescribed for each government office, "Kou-Kyo" (the Engiki Kou-Kyo, the Enryaku Kou-Kyo, the Jogan Kou-Kyo) for the replacement of local officials, and "Shiki" (the Shin-Shiki) for the annual events of the nobility.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

古代法制の一つ。中国に起源をもち，「律」「令」と相まって体系をなす。「格」は律令の補充法で，「事の旨のやや大なる」もの，「式」は施行細則で，「事の旨のやや小なる」ものをいう。ともに詔勅または太政官符の形式で必要に応じて臨時に制定された。「格」は，(1) 『弘仁格』 (→弘仁格式 ) は大宝1 (701) ～弘仁 10 (819) 年を収録。 (2) 『貞観格』 (→貞観格式 ) は弘仁 11 (820) ～貞観 10 (868) 年を収録。 (3) 『延喜格』は貞観 11 (869) ～延喜7 (907) 年を収録，の3回にわたり編集事業が行われた。さらに 10～11世紀にかけて，これら (1) ～ (3) の3代の格を部門別に類聚した『類聚三代格』が編纂され，世に珍重された。「格」編集の特色は，太政官符などの法令をほとんど原形のままに収録した点があげられる。「式」は実務の運用上，「令」と密接な関係にあるはずであったが，その整備は遅れがちであり，当初は「例」「別記」と称する諸官庁の慣行例を整備して行政上の実用に供した。「格」とともに弘仁，貞観2代の「式」が編纂されたが，いずれもその編集は遅れがちであった。次いで延長5 (927) 年藤原忠平らは醍醐天皇の勅を受けて，弘仁，貞観の2式を集大成した『延喜式』を撰進した。しかし前法との調整のため，施行されたのは康保4 (967) 年であった。「式」編集の特色は，諸法令の原形はとどめず，その結論だけを個条書にまとめた点にある。このほかに，各官庁ごとに規定した「諸司式」地方官の交代に関する「交替式」 (→延喜交替式 ,　延暦交替式 ,　貞観交替式 ) ，公家の年中行事に関する「儀式」 (→新儀式 ) もあった。

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