A reversible cycle of a heat engine proposed by S. Carnot consists of four quasi-static processes: isothermal expansion (curve I in the figure), adiabatic expansion (II), isothermal compression (III), and adiabatic compression (IV). In thermodynamics, an ideal gas is often used as the working substance. In the figure, I and III are isotherms with pv = constant, and II and IV are adiabatic with pv γ = constant. Here, p is pressure, v is volume, and γ is the ratio of the specific heat at constant pressure to the specific heat at constant volume. If the absolute temperature of isotherm I is T 1 , the amount of heat absorbed is Q 1 , the absolute temperature of isotherm III is T 2 , and the amount of heat released is Q 2 , then Q 1 / T 1 = Q 2 / T 2 holds. The ratio of the amount of heat Q to the absolute temperature T is called the reduced heat quantity. According to the first law of thermodynamics, the work W done on the outside in this cycle is W = Q1 - Q2 , so the thermal efficiency η of a Carnot heat engine using this cycle is given by η = ( Q1 - Q2 ) / Q1 = 1 - T2 / T1 , where η is less than 1. Using the Carnot cycle and Carnot's theorem, we can conclude that the efficiency of a general heat engine working between two heat sources with temperatures T1 and T2 cannot exceed 1 - T2 / T1 . However, for all reversible engines , the efficiency is 1 - T2 / T1 . Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
S.カルノーが提唱した熱機関の可逆的なサイクルで,4つの準静的過程,つまり等温膨張 (図の曲線I) ,断熱膨張 (II) ,等温圧縮 (III) ,断熱圧縮 (IV) から成る。熱力学では作業物質として理想気体を用いることが多い。図で,I,IIIは等温線で pv=一定 ,II,IVは断熱線で pvγ=一定 である。ただし,p は圧力,v は体積,γは定圧比熱と定積比熱との比を表わす。等温線Iの絶対温度を T1 ,吸収する熱量を Q1 とし,等温線 IIIの絶対温度を T2 ,放出する熱量を Q2 とすると,Q1/T1=Q2/T2 が成り立つ。熱量 Q と絶対温度 T との比は換算熱量と呼ばれる。このサイクルで外に対してする仕事 W は,熱力学第一法則によって W=Q1-Q2 であるから,このサイクルを使ったカルノーの熱機関の熱効率 η は,η=(Q1-Q2)/Q1=1-T2/T1 で与えられ,ηは1より小さい。カルノーサイクルとカルノーの定理を用いると,温度が T1 ,T2 の2つの熱源の間で働く一般の熱機関の効率は 1-T2/T1 をこすことができないとの結論が導かれる。ただし,可逆機関ではすべて 1-T2/T1 になる。
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