A classical term that describes the ability of substances to chemically interact with each other, or the degree of stability of the resulting compound compared to the original substance. The magnitude of chemical affinity has been expressed by different thermodynamic quantities over time. In the mid-19th century, the amount of heat generated during a chemical reaction was used as a measure of affinity, but the existence of spontaneous endothermic reactions made this less than generalizable. In 1883, the Dutchman van't Hoff used the second law of thermodynamics to define it as follows: In other words, the direction in which a reaction occurs spontaneously and the stability of the products are determined not by the amount of heat generated by the reaction (enthalpy change) but by the maximum work. Currently, instead of maximum work, the decrease in Gibbs free energy in the case of a reaction at constant temperature and pressure, and the decrease in Helmholtz free energy in the case of a reaction at constant temperature and volume are used as a measure of chemical affinity. [Toda Genjiro] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
物質間で化学的な相互作用をする能力、あるいは、その際に得られた化合物がもとのものに比べたときの安定性の度合いなどを表す古典的な用語。化学親和力の大きさは、時代によって違った熱力学量で表されてきた。19世紀のなかばには、化学反応の際に生ずる熱量が親和力の尺度として使われたが、自発的な吸熱反応が存在することから一般性に欠けることがわかった。 1883年オランダのファント・ホッフは熱力学の第二法則を使って、次のように定義した。すなわち反応が自発的におこる方向と生成物の安定性は、反応の発熱量(エンタルピー変化)によって決まるのではなく、最大仕事によって決まることを示した。現在では、最大仕事のかわりに、定温・定圧の反応の場合にはギブスの自由エネルギーの減少が、また、定温・定積の場合にはヘルムホルツの自由エネルギーの減少が、化学親和力の尺度として用いられている。 [戸田源治郎] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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