Cult - karuto (English spelling) cult

Japanese: カルト - かると(英語表記)cult
Cult - karuto (English spelling) cult

It refers to a radical and heretical new religious group. In English-speaking countries, orthodox Christianity is called a "church" and its offshoots are called "sects," while heretical or pagan small groups are called "cults." However, in Europe, the synonym for cult is sect.

There are many religious groups that are classified as cults around the world today, with over 2,000 in the United States. Cults have become a social problem worldwide because many of them violate human rights by forcing people to join or demanding large donations, and engage in a variety of antisocial behavior. Cults as antisocial religious groups have several common characteristics.

Its characteristics are, first, that it has a charismatic leader who is called a guru or a leader, or who calls himself a savior. Second, it uses various techniques of psychological manipulation known as mind control to convert people. It is a form of brainwashing that completely changes the believers' beliefs, ways of thinking, and worldview without them even realizing it. Third, it lives communally in a place isolated from the outside world, forming a closed group from which believers often resort to antisocial behavior. Fourth, it practices mystical and magical rituals, and its doctrines are heretical and syncretistic (religious eclectic).

Cults first came to the public's attention in 1969 when a small group led by Charles Manson, who called himself the Family, murdered actress Sharon Tate in the United States. Manson viewed himself as Jesus Christ and performed secret rituals. After that, a series of incidents occurred, including the Peoples Temple massacre in the jungles of Guyana in South America in 1978, in which more than 900 members committed mass suicide, and in 1993, in the United States, members of a cult called the Branch Davidians barricaded themselves in a building, engaged in a gunfight with the FBI, and committed mass suicide with 70 members. In the West, how to deal with the anti-social behavior of some cults while protecting religious freedom has become a serious political and social issue.

In Japan too, incidents caused by cult religious groups and pseudo-religious groups are becoming a social problem in increasing numbers. In 1986 (Showa 61), seven female members of the "Friends of Truth Church" committed mass suicide following the death of their cult leader. In March 1995 (Heisei 7), members of Aum Shinrikyo (which changed its name to Aleph in 2000, Aleph in 2003, and Aleph in 2008) committed a mass murder incident known as the "Tokyo subway sarin attack," which sent shock waves through society.

[Hiroshi Kume]

"Cult or Religion? by Takeshita Setsuko (Bunshun Shinsho)""The True Nature of Cults, edited and written by Bessatsu Takarajima Editorial Department (Takarajimasha Bunko)""Questions for Modern Religion: From Religion to Aum Shinrikyo, by Kanai Shinji (1997, Kyobunkan)" ▽ "Philosophizing the Aum Shinrikyo Incident: From the Field of High School Ethics Education, by Otsuka Kenji (1997, Chirekisha)" ▽ "The Modern Spirit: Mind Control and Psychology, by Ando Kiyoshi and Nishida Kimiaki (1988, Shibundo)"

[References] | Aum Shinrikyo Incident | Charismatic | Sect

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

過激で異端的な新興宗教集団をさす。英語圏では正統的キリスト教を「教会」church、その分派を「セクト」sectとよぶのに対し、異端的または異教的小集団を「カルト」とよぶ。ただしヨーロッパでは、カルトの同義語はセクトである。

 カルトに分類される宗教集団は、現代では世界中に多数存在し、アメリカでは2000以上ある。カルトが世界的に社会問題となっているのは、強制的な勧誘によって入信させたり、多額の寄付金を強要したりして人権を侵害し、さまざまな反社会的行動をする教団が少なくないからである。反社会的宗教集団としてのカルトには、いくつか共通の特徴がある。

 その特徴とは、第一に導師やグルとよばれたり、自ら救世主を名のるカリスマ的教祖をもつこと。第二にマインドコントロールといわれる心理操作のさまざまなテクニックを用いて入信させること。それは洗脳の一種で、信徒は自覚のないまま、主義、考え方、世界観を根本的に変えてしまう。第三に外部世界から隔離された場所で共同生活を営み、閉鎖的集団を形成し、そこからしばしば反社会的行動に走る。第四に神秘的、魔術的な儀礼を実践し、教義は異端的、シンクレティズム(宗教的折衷主義)的である。

 カルトが世の注目を浴びるようになったのは、1969年にアメリカでチャールズ・マンソン率いるファミリーと名のる小集団が女優のシャロン・テートを殺した「シャロン・テート事件」以来である。マンソンは自分をキリストに見立て、秘密の儀式を行っていた。その後、1978年に南アメリカのガイアナの密林で、信徒900人以上が集団自殺する「人民寺院事件」が、1993年にはアメリカで「ブランチ・デビディアン」というカルトの信徒が建物に立てこもり、FBIと銃撃戦を繰り広げ、70人が集団自殺を遂げる、といった事件が続発した。欧米では、一方で信教の自由を守りつつ、一部のカルトの反社会的行動にどう対処するかが、深刻な政治・社会問題となっている。

 日本でもカルト的宗教集団、疑似宗教集団が引き起こす事件が社会問題となるケースが増えている。1986年(昭和61)に「真理の友教会」の女性信徒7人が、教祖の死を追って集団自殺を遂げる事件が起きた。1995年(平成7)3月にはオウム真理教(2000年アレフ、2003年アーレフ、2008年Aleph(アレフ)に改称)の信徒が「地下鉄サリン事件」といわれる大量無差別殺人事件を起こし、社会に大きな衝撃を与えた。

[久米 博]

『竹下節子著『カルトか宗教か』(文春新書)』『別冊宝島編集部編・著『「カルト」の正体』(宝島社文庫)』『金井新二著『現代宗教への問い――宗教からオウム真理教へ』(1997・教文館)』『大塚賢司著『オウム真理教事件を哲学する――高校倫理教育の現場から』(1997・地歴社)』『安藤清志・西田公昭著『現代のエスプリ 「マインド・コントロール」と心理学』(1988・至文堂)』

[参照項目] | オウム真理教事件 | カリスマ | セクト

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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