Kars (English spelling)

Japanese: カルス（英語表記）Kars

A city located in the northeastern part of Turkey, capital of the province of the same name. It is located on a plateau at an altitude of 1,750m along the Kars River, a tributary of the Aras River, close to the border with Armenia. The Kars River divides the old city on the mountainside from the new city extending to the south, and they are connected by a bridge from the Seljuk period. In the 9th and 10th centuries, it was under the control of the Armenian Bagratid dynasty, and the Ani ruins in the eastern part of Kars province are the remains of the city that was the capital at that time (registered as a cultural heritage of the World in 2016). It was later ruled by the Seljuk dynasty, the Mongol Empire, and the Timurid dynasty, and was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1514. It was constantly in conflict with the Russian Empire (→Russo-Turkish War), and was annexed by Russia in 1877-78, and returned to Turkey in 1918 (→Treaty of Brest-Litovsk). It is a center of livestock trading and is famous for its cheese. It also produces coarse blankets, carpets, and felt. It is an important military base and is connected to major cities in the country by rail and road. Population: 78,100 (2013 estimate).

Callus
Callus

When a part of a plant's tissue is cut off and artificially cultured under suitable conditions, it grows and forms an amorphous mass of cells called callus. When plant hormones such as auxin and cytokinin are administered to undifferentiated callus, it differentiates into buds, roots, and embryos, and can grow into a complete plant. Callus culture is an important technique that supports plant biotechnology, and is used to cultivate orchids, which are difficult to grow as is, from callus and make them bloom, as well as for crop breeding.

Callus
Carus, Marcus Aurelius

[raw]?
[Death] 283
Roman Emperor (reigned 282-283). Born in Narbo. He became the Praetorian Prefect of Emperor Probus, and after he rebelled in Raetia in 282 and Probus was killed, he unilaterally proclaimed his accession to the throne without seeking the approval of the Senate. He defeated the Quadi and Sarmatians on the Danube, and then invaded Sassanid Persia, capturing Ctesiphon, and advanced further, but suddenly died. It is said that he died due to betrayal by Praetorian Prefect Apels, or by being struck by lightning.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

トルコ北東端に位置する都市で，同名県の県都。アルメニアとの国境に近く，アラス川の支流カルス川に沿い，標高 1750mの高原にある。カルス川によって山手の旧市街と南へ延びる新市街に分けられ，セルジューク朝時代の橋で結ばれている。9～10世紀にはアルメニア人のバグラト朝の支配下にあり，カルス県東部に残るアニ遺跡は当時首都であった都市の遺構である（2016世界遺産の文化遺産に登録）。その後セルジューク朝，モンゴル帝国，チムール朝の支配を経て，1514年にオスマン帝国に編入された。ロシア帝国と紛争（→露土戦争）が絶えず，1877～78年にはロシアに併合され，1918年にトルコに返還された（→ブレスト＝リトフスク条約）。家畜取り引きの中心地で，チーズが有名。粗毛布，カーペット，フェルトも産する。重要な軍事基地であり，国内の主要都市とは鉄道，道路で結ばれている。人口 7万8100（2013推計）。

カルス
callus

植物体の組織の一部を切り取り，適当な条件で人工培養すると，増殖して無定形の細胞塊ができ，これをカルスと呼ぶ。未分化な状態のカルスにオーキシンやサイトカイニンなどの植物ホルモンを投与すると，芽や根，胚が分化し，さらに完全な植物体にまで成長させることができる。カルス培養は植物のバイオテクノロジーを支える重要な技術で，そのままでは栽培しにくいランをカルスから培養し，花を咲かせたり，作物の育種にも応用されている。

カルス
Carus， Marcus Aurelius

[生]?
[没]283
ローマ皇帝 (在位 282～283) 。ナルボの出身。プロブス帝の近衛長官となり，282年ラエチアで反乱を起し，プロブスが殺されたのち，元老院の承認を求めることなく一方的に即位を通告。ドナウ河畔にクワディ人とサルマチア人を破り，またササン朝ペルシアに進攻，クテシフォンを占領し，さらに前進したが急死した。近衛長官アペルの裏切り，または落雷による死と伝えられる。

出典　ブリタニカ国際大百科事典小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典小項目事典について　情報

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