...Such claims were severely criticized by the Sunnis as accepting a cult of personality unrelated to Islam, but some Shiites gave the Imam a superhuman character, and the most extreme of them went so far as to consider Ali and his descendants as incarnations of God. The Twelverians preach the ghayba (hiding) and rujū' (second coming) of the 12th Imam, Muhammad al-Muntazar, but maintain a certain degree of moderation in their Imam theory. They add the phrase "And Ali is the Wali (Friend) of God" after the Shahada (confession of faith) and obligate their followers to perform ziyāra, a visit to the tombs of prophets and Imams, in addition to the pilgrimage prescribed by Islamic law, but they never reject the six beliefs and five virtues themselves. ... From [Shiite]...Thus, various small sects that worshipped Imam Mahdi emerged in early Shiite Islam. These sects recognized Ali and his descendants as charismatic imams who were infallible and infallible, and became esoteric teachings that the Prophet had given Ali the secret teachings, which were then transmitted to successive imams. They were accompanied by oriental religious ideas such as the theory that God appeared in the Imam, that the Imam had not died but would return (rujū') as the Mahdi (Messiah) in hiding (ghayba), and that the Imam was the light of light. Ali became a kind of hero-god. ... From the Twelver…In doctrine, each Imam is said to be innocent and infallible. The 12th Imam entered a state of hiding (Ghaiba) in 874 (some say 872), and was led by four representatives (Wakils, Nawabs) until 939. Since then, the Imam has been in a long period of hiding, and is said to have not died, but will return (Rujiu) at the end of the world as the Lord of Time (Sahib-e-Zamān, Imām-e 'aṣr) and realize justice. … From [Mahdi]...After the rebellion was put down and Muhammad died in 700, some members of the Kaysanid sect preached that Muhammad was not dead, but had only disappeared for a time, and would return to earth to bring about justice and righteousness. This was the beginning of the Shiite hidden messianic idea, characterized by the "hiddenness" (ghayba) and second coming (rujū') of the Imam, the Mahdi. With the political turmoil at the end of the Umayyad dynasty, messianic ideas spread among the people, and the Abbasid revolution was successful in part because of the skillful use of this idea. The messianic ideas are reflected in the rakabs (caliph names) of the first three Abbasid caliphs, Safaf, Mansur, and Mahdi. *Some of the terminology explanations that mention "Gaiba" are listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…このような主張は,イスラムと無縁な個人崇拝を容認するものとして,スンナ派から厳しく非難されたが,シーア派の一派にはイマームに超人間的な性格を付与し,最も極端な論をなすものは,アリーおよびその子孫のイマームを神の化身とみなすにいたった。 十二イマーム派は第12代イマーム,ムハンマド・アルムンタザルのガイバghayba(隠れ)とルジューウrujū‘(再臨)とを説くが,そのイマーム論は一定の節度を堅持する。彼らはシャハーダ(信仰告白)の後に,〈そしてアリーは神のワリー(友)である〉という一句を付け加え,イスラム法で定める巡礼のほかに預言者やイマームの墓への参詣であるジヤーラを信者に義務づけているが,六信五行そのものは決して否定しない。… 【シーア派】より…こうして,イマーム・マフディーを奉じた群小諸派が初期シーア派に現れた。これらはアリーとその子孫を,カリスマをもつイマームとして無垢無謬と認め,預言者から秘義がアリーに授けられ,これが代々のイマームに秘伝されたとする秘教となって,神がイマームに顕現するとする説,イマームが死んだのでなく〈隠れ(ガイバghayba)〉てマフディー(メシア)として再臨(ルジューウrujū‘)するとする説,イマームの光明説,などオリエント的宗教観念を伴った。アリーは一種の英雄神に近づいた。… 【十二イマーム派】より…教義上,各イマームは無垢無謬とされる。第12代は874年(872年の説もある)〈隠れ(ガイバ)〉の状態に入り,939年まで4人の〈代理者(ワキール,ナワーブ)〉による指導が行われた。この後現在まで〈長期の隠れ〉の期間に入っており,イマームは死んだのでなく,世の終末に〈時の主(サーヒベ・ザマーンṣāḥib‐e zamān,イマーメ・アスルimām‐e ‘aṣr)〉として再臨(ルジューウ)し,正義を実現するとされる。… 【マフディー】より…反乱が鎮定され,ムハンマドが700年に没すると,カイサーン派の一部の者はムハンマドは死んだのではなく,一時姿を隠しているにすぎず,やがて地上に再臨して正義と公正とを実現すると説いた。これが,マフディーであるイマームの〈隠れ〉(ガイバghayba)と再臨(ルジューウrujū‘)を特徴とする,シーア派独特の隠れメシア思想の始まりである。 ウマイヤ朝末期の政治の混乱とともに,人々の間にメシア思想が広がったが,それを巧みに利用したことがアッバース朝革命の成功の理由の一つに挙げられ,サッファーフ,マンスール,マフディーというアッバース朝最初の3代のカリフのラカブ(カリフ名)にはメシア思想が反映されている。… ※「ガイバ」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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