A general term for the industry that provides food and services for dining out at home. This name was coined in response to the influx of large capital into the industry and the rapid expansion of the market. [Shinichi Tonomura] Increase in market sizeThe ratio of eating out to food expenditures (eating out rate) has increased (from 9.3% in 1970 to 13.5% in 1979) against the backdrop of a relative rise in income levels, an increase in leisure time, and an increase in the female workforce in particular. The market size of the food service industry reached a total of 13.24 trillion yen in 1979 (Showa 54), surpassing the market size of both automobiles and home appliances. The food service industry continued to grow thereafter, reaching 29.6778 trillion yen in 1997 (Heisei 9) (a 2.5% increase from the previous year). After that, it slowly decreased, and has remained almost flat ever since. Estimates for 2010 (Heisei 22) show that the market size of the food service industry was 23.645 trillion yen, almost the same as the previous year. The breakdown of this is as follows: the "food-based sector", which includes restaurants, accommodation facilities, employee cafeterias, hospital meals, etc., accounted for 80.3% of the total at 18.9792 trillion yen (an increase of 0.5% from the previous year), and the "beverage-based sector", which includes coffee shops, izakayas, etc., accounted for 19.7% of the total at 4.6658 trillion yen (a decrease of 1.9% from the previous year). [Shinichi Tonomura and Tatsuro Watanabe] Entry of major commercial capitalThe development of the restaurant industry into "Japan's largest industry" was the result of a wave of management innovation that swept through the entire restaurant industry, which had previously been dominated by occupational and family-run businesses, following the liberalization of capital in the restaurant industry in 1969 (the entry of foreign capital). Major commercial capital such as general trading companies, supermarkets, and department stores entered the fast food industry (Japanese food such as sushi, soba, udon, ramen, and gyudon (beef bowl)), and the suburban family restaurant industry (initially Western food, then Japanese and Chinese food), and they expanded the scale of the companies through planning and control by the same capital, or through a chain store management method that develops many standard-sized stores through a franchise system. Furthermore, the introduction of a centralized cooking system (central kitchen method) made it possible to offer "uniform taste," "low prices," and "good service," and succeeded in attracting a large number of customers, especially young people. Since 1998, the introduction of safe food ingredients (organic food, complete elimination of artificial coloring and synthetic additives) has become widespread due to the growing health consciousness of consumers, and the introduction of HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point), which was fully implemented in response to the measures against pathogenic E. coli O157, has imposed a financial burden on small and medium-sized enterprises, and is a factor in promoting the widening gap between large and small chains in the fields of fast food, family restaurants, and office cafeterias. Large companies in the fast food and family restaurant industries are aggressively opening stores nationwide, selling the use of organic ingredients and low prices that take advantage of their size, and small and medium-sized chains with limited financial resources are being forced to reduce profits, and some are even going bankrupt, leading to an oligopoly. [Shinichi Tonomura and Tatsuro Watanabe] Sophistication and diversificationIn the casual restaurant industry, especially in the dinner restaurant industry, the combination of alcoholic beverages and food is becoming more sophisticated and diverse, reflecting the changing trends and customer needs. For example, while Italian restaurants have become established in line with the diversification of wines reflecting the desire for health and authenticity, a new trend is emerging in which new restaurants aim to offer a new cuisine system that combines the best of both French and Chinese cuisine, and Chinese restaurants are diversifying, offering not only authentic Chinese cuisine, but also Chinese small-plate dishes and Chinese home cooking. In the Japanese cuisine industry, unique restaurants offering Japanese-Western fusion cuisine imported back from the United States and restaurants offering limited-course kaiseki cuisine (for example, a fixed course of eight dishes for 5,000 yen, realizing a sense of low price) that do not stick to tradition are appearing. Korean cuisine, which became popular through "grilled offal," and other ethnic cuisines have also become popular nationwide. In the izakaya industry, instead of the discount chains of the past, there are now more chains that aim to boost sales by combining the diversity of authentic customer preferences with a diverse range of sake tastes, using Japanese-style cuisine that makes fresh seafood their selling point. There is also a noticeable increase in restaurants proposing menus that are conscious of female customers. While more noodle shops (soba and udon shops) are competing on the taste and quality of their noodles, there are also many that double as izakayas, offering brand-name sake and draft beer along with Japanese, Western and Chinese-style a la carte dishes in the evening. This trend is also seen in stand-up soba shops. [Shinichi Tonomura] Realization of the "prepared meal industry"1997 is notable as a year in which sales of boxed lunches and prepared foods at convenience stores, department stores, and supermarkets increased significantly. This was due to the rapid growth of marketing techniques such as HMR (Home Meal Replacement) and MS (Meal Solution) in the American supermarket industry, as well as the fact that the annual sales of boxed lunches and prepared foods at the convenience store chain "Seven-Eleven" alone in Japan exceeded the combined sales of McDonald's Japan, the top fast food chain, and Skylark, the top family restaurant chain, and the possibility of a "prepared meal industry" suddenly became a reality. First-class hotels, high-end Japanese restaurants (Kakiyasu Honten, Nadaman, etc.), and the Chinese restaurant chain Heichinro, among others, entered into partnerships with department stores as a new business, cooking and selling high-end prepared foods in front of customers. Convenience stores and existing delicatessens are following suit, and the competition is fierce. In addition, stores that deliver a variety of delicatessens are also competing with each other in the same way as pizza, sushi, and bento. The so-called "taste of home cooking" is being gradually driven out of the home. The development of "meal prep" chain stores incorporating HMR's ideas is expected to progress in Japan, where the number of working housewives and single-person households is increasing along with the United States, with the result that large chains with greater capital will dominate small and medium-sized chains. [Shinichi Tonomura] Tamura Shinpachi and Ishige Naomichi (eds.), "Food Culture Forum: The Culture of Eating Out" (1993, Domesu Publishing) ▽ Yasuda Ryuhei (ed.), "Retail and Service Industry: What Makes Winning Stores Different, Vol. 6, 7, 13-16" (1997, 1998, Keirin Shobo) ▽ "Compilation of Food Service Industry Statistics" (various annual editions) compiled and published by the Food Service Industry General Survey and Research Center" [References] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
家庭外での食事機会(外食)に対して食品の提供とサービスを行う業種の総称。業界への大資本の進出と市場規模の急激な拡大を契機にこの名称が生まれた。 [殿村晋一] 市場規模の増大個人の食料費支出に占める外食費の比率(外食率)は、所得水準の相対的な向上、余暇時間の増加、とりわけ女性の労働人口の増加などを背景に増大(1970年の9.3%から1979年の13.5%)してきた。外食産業の市場規模は1979年(昭和54)に総額13兆2400億円に達し、自動車と家電の市場規模をそれぞれ上回った。その後も外食産業は成長を続け、1997年(平成9)の市場規模は29兆6778億円(前年より2.5%の増加)に達した。それ以降はゆるやかに減少した後、ほぼ横ばい状態で推移している。2010年(平成22)の推定値では、外食産業の市場規模は、ほぼ前年同様の23兆6450億円となった。その内訳は、飲食店、宿泊施設、社員食堂、病院給食などを含む「給食主体部門」が18兆9792億円(前年より0.5%の増加)で全体の80.3%を占め、喫茶店、居酒屋などを含む「飲料主体部門」が4兆6658億円(前年より1.9%の減少)で全体の19.7%を占めている。 [殿村晋一・渡辺達朗] 大手商業資本の参入このような外食産業の「わが国最大の産業」への発展は、従来、生業的、家業的な経営によって占められていた飲食業界に、1969年の飲食業の資本自由化(外資の参入)を契機に、経営革新の波が業界全体に押し寄せることとなった結果である。総合商社、スーパーマーケット、百貨店など大手商業資本がファーストフード(すし、そば、うどん、ラーメン、牛丼(ぎゅうどん)など和食系、ハンバーガー、フライドチキン、ピッツァ、ドーナツ、アイスクリームなど洋食系)や郊外型ファミリーレストラン業界(当初は洋食系、ついで和食・中華系)に進出し、同一資本の計画と統制によるか、もしくはフランチャイズ・システムによって標準規模の店舗を多数展開するチェーン・ストア経営方式による企業規模の大型化を実現した。さらに集中調理システム(セントラル・キッチン方式)の導入によって「均質な味覚」「安価な値段」「良質のサービス」を可能にし、若年層を中心に顧客を大量にひきつけることに成功した。 1998年以降、消費者の健康志向の高まりから安全食材の導入(有機食品の導入、人工着色料や合成添加物の使用全廃)が広がったこと、また病原性大腸菌O157(おーいちごなな)対策を契機に本格化したHACCP(ハサップ)(Hazard Analysis Critical Control Pointの略称。危害分析に基づく重要管理点)導入などは、中堅・中小企業に資金負担となっており、ファーストフード、ファミリーレストラン、事業所給食の分野で大手と中小チェーンの格差拡大を助長する要因となっている。ファーストフード、ファミリーレストランの業界大手企業は、有機食材使用や規模にものをいわせた低価格などを売り物にして、全国に出店攻勢をかけており、資金力の乏しい中小チェーンでは減益を強いられ、なかには倒産するものも出るなど、寡占化が進行している。 [殿村晋一・渡辺達朗] 高級化と多様化カジュアルレストラン業界、とりわけディナーレストラン業界では、酒類と料理の取合せに関して、流行の変化を反映した顧客志向の高級化、多様化が進んでいる。たとえば、健康・本物志向を反映したワインの多種化にあわせてイタリアンレストランが定着した反面、フランス料理と中華料理との双方の粋(すい)をあわせた新しい料理体系を目ざす新傾向の出店がみられたり、中華系では本格中華のほか、中国小皿料理、中国家庭料理といった多様化が図られている。また、和食系でもアメリカから逆輸入された和洋折衷料理を提供する個性派店舗やコース限定の懐石料理(たとえば8品5000円コース一本に固定し、安値感を実現)など伝統にこだわらない店舗も出現している。「ホルモン焼き」から普及した韓国料理、その他エスニック料理も全国化した。居酒屋業界でも、かつての安売り店チェーンにかわって、魚介類の鮮度を看板とする和風料理によって、客層の本物志向に日本酒の嗜好(しこう)の多様性を重ねあわせて売上げを伸ばそうとするチェーン店も増えている。女性客を意識したメニューを提案する店の増加も目だつ。麺(めん)類店(そば・うどん店)では、麺の味や品質で勝負する店が増えた反面、夜は銘柄酒や生ビールに和・洋・中華風の一品料理を提供する居酒屋を兼営する店も多くなっている。この傾向はスタンド形式の立ち食いそば店でもみられる。 [殿村晋一] 「中食産業」の現実化1997年度は、コンビニエンス・ストア、百貨店、スーパーマーケットの弁当・総菜の売れ行きが目だって伸びた年として注目される。これは、アメリカのスーパー業界におけるHMR(Home Meal Replacementホームミール・リプレイスメント=家庭料理を代行するもの)やMS(Meal Solutionミール・ソリューション=食事の問題解決)というマーケティング手法による急成長の影響に加えて、日本でもコンビニエンス・ストア「セブン‐イレブン」チェーンだけの弁当・総菜類の年間販売額が、ファーストフード業界トップの日本マクドナルドと、ファミリーレストラン業界トップのすかいらーくの売上高合計を上回る実績をあげたことによって「中食(なかしょく)産業」の可能性がにわかに現実視されるようになったことによるものである。一流ホテルや高級和食店(柿安(かきやす)本店、なだ万など)や中華料理チェーンの聘珍樓(へいちんろう)などが新事業として百貨店と提携してこれに乗り出し、高級感のある総菜を客の目の前で調理し、販売するようになった。コンビニエンス・ストアや既存の総菜店もこれに追随して激しい競争を展開している。また、各種の総菜を宅配(デリバリー)する店も、ピッツァ、すし、弁当などと同じ形でしのぎを削るようになってきている。 いわゆる「おふくろの味」が家庭からしだいに駆逐される事態が確実に進行している。HMRの考えを取り入れた「中食」チェーン店の展開は、アメリカとならんで有職主婦や単身世帯の増加が進む日本でも同じような情勢が予想されることから、資本力に勝る大手チェーンが中小チェーンを席巻(せっけん)する形で進行するものと思われる。 [殿村晋一] 『田村真八郎・石毛直道編『食の文化フォーラム 外食の文化』(1993・ドメス出版)』▽『安田龍平編著『小売・サービス業 勝ち残る店はここが違う6・7、13~16』(1997、1998・経林書房)』▽『外食産業総合調査研究センター編・刊『外食産業統計資料集』(各年版)』 [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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