Karamzin (English spelling) Nikolay Mikhaylovich Karamzin

Japanese: カラムジン - からむじん(英語表記)Николай Михайлович Карамзин/Nikolay Mihaylovich Karamzin
Karamzin (English spelling) Nikolay Mikhaylovich Karamzin

Russian author and historian. Born into a provincial noble family. Educated in Moscow, he translated Western religious and moral works, as well as works by Shakespeare and Lessing, under the influence of a group of Freemasons led by Novikov, and began writing poetry and novels. In 1789, he traveled to Western Europe and was shocked by the French Revolution. After returning to Russia, he founded the monthly magazine Moscow Journal, and published Letters of a Russian Traveler (1791-92), which described his experiences and thoughts on his travels, as well as novels such as Poor Lisa (1792) and Natalia, Daughter of a Nobleman (1792), which became masterpieces of Russian sentimentalism. In 1802, he published Marfa, the Magistrate (1803), a pioneering work of Russian historical fiction. Karamzin's works created a new trend in Russian literature called emotionalism, which aimed to respect the individual and liberate the emotions, as opposed to the rationalist emphasis on classicism. His works were characterized by the creation of a fresh style of writing that incorporated colloquial elements to express delicate sensibility and human passion, and the abundant use of borrowed words from French and other countries, as well as new neologisms. Conservatives who wanted to protect the classical tradition responded by forming the "Russian Language Lovers' Colloquium," but a group that supported Karamzin's reform of the written language formed the "Arzamas Society" to oppose this. In 1803, Karamzin was awarded the title of "historian" and a special pension by the Tsar, and he devoted his later years to writing his magnum opus, the 12-volume History of Russia (1816-1829). This history was widely read for its elegant style, but it has received low academic acclaim, except for its use as a historical source, which made use of ancient documents. His conservative ideas, which defended autocracy and serfdom, were summed up in the Memorandum "On Old and New Russia", which he submitted to the Tsar in 1811.

[Nakamura Yoshikazu]

[Reference] | Poor Lisa

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ロシアの作家、歴史家。地方の貴族の出身。モスクワで教育を受け、ノビコフらのフリーメーソンのグループの影響のもとに西欧の宗教・道徳的著作やシェークスピア、レッシングの作品を翻訳するかたわら、詩や小説を書き始めた。1789年に西欧へ旅行し、フランス革命を目の当たりにみて衝撃を受ける。帰国後、月刊雑誌『モスクワ・ジャーナル』を創刊して、自らの旅の見聞と思索をつづった『ロシア人旅行者の手紙』(1791~92)や、ロシア主情主義(センチメンタリズム)文学の代表作となる小説『哀れなリーザ』(1792)、『貴族の娘ナターリヤ』(1792)などを発表した。1802年から刊行した雑誌『ヨーロッパ報知』には『女代官マルファ』(1803)を掲載したが、これはロシア歴史小説の先駆的作品である。カラムジンの作品は、理性偏重の古典主義に対して個性の尊重と感情の解放を目ざす、主情主義とよばれる新しい傾向をロシア文学のなかに生み出した。繊細な感受性と人間的情熱を表現するために口語的要素を取り入れた新鮮な文体を編み出した点、フランス語などからの借用や新しい造語をふんだんに用いた点にその特徴があった。これに対しては古典主義的伝統を守ろうとする保守派が「ロシア語愛好者談話会」を結成したが、カラムジンの文章語改革を支持するグループは「アルザマス会」をつくってこれに対抗した。03年皇帝(ツァーリ)から「歴史編纂(へんさん)官」の称号と特別の年金を授けられたカラムジンは、その晩年を大著『ロシア国史』全12巻(1816~29)の執筆に没頭した。この歴史は華麗な文体で広く読まれたが、古文献を利用した史料的側面を除いては低い学問的評価が与えられている。専制政治と農奴制を擁護する保守的な思想は、11年皇帝に提出された覚書『古きロシアと新しきロシアについて』のなかに集約的に表現されている。

[中村喜和]

[参照項目] | 哀れなリーザ

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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