Abbreviation for Gala spinning. A spinning method invented by Gaun Tatsuchi in 1874 (Meiji 7) using Japan's own unique technology, without relying on modern Western spinning technology. It was exhibited at the First Domestic Industrial Exposition and received the Homon Award as "Japan's greatest invention." The structure of the machine is simple: beaten cotton is placed inside a tin cylinder, which is rotated and pulled upwards to produce thick, twisted cotton thread, which is then wound onto a frame, hence the rattling sound it makes. However, the machine's official name is Japanese spinning thread, and during the Meiji period it was called Gaun thread or Suisha spinning thread. In 1877, Renmen Co. was established in Kitafukashi-cho, Matsumoto City, Nagano Prefecture, and it spread nationwide, starting with a waterwheel-powered spinning machine. Gara spinning, which developed particularly rapidly in the Mikawa region of Aichi Prefecture, was called "boat spinning" (water spinning) as opposed to "waterwheel spinning" (mountain spinning). This boat spinning involved placing spinning machinery on boats floating on the Yahagi River and attaching waterwheels like paddle steamers. At its peak around 1897, however, it lost out in a quality comparison with spun yarn at the Five Products Exhibition in 1885, and quickly fell to a complementary role in the modern spinning industry, using special raw materials such as fallen cotton and regenerated fibers to make dantsu, blankets, obi cores, and other products. After World War II, there was a temporary recovery due to a shortage of textiles, but after that most industries switched to "tokubou" spinning, which was an improvement on some of the processes, and now only produce low-quality yarn for miscellaneous goods and handicrafts. [Kadoyama Yukihiro] "Lecture Series: The Social History of Japanese Technology, Volume 2" edited by Nagahara Keiji et al. (1986, Nippon Hyoronsha)" ▽ "Gaun Tatsuji, by Murase Masaaki (1989, Yoshikawa Kobunkan)" ▽ "Gaun Tatsuji - In Search of the Footsteps of the Gara Spinning Machine over 100 Years" by Miyashita Kazuo (1993, Kyodo Publishing)" ▽ "Gaun Tatsuji and the Gara Spinning Machine, by Kitano Susumu (1994, Agne Technical Center)" [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ガラ紡績の略。西洋の近代紡績技術に依存せず、わが国独自の技術により、臥雲辰致(がうんたっち)によって1874年(明治7)に発明された紡績法。第1回内国勧業博覧会に出品され、「わが国第一の発明」として鳳紋(ほうもん)賞を受けている。 機械の構造は簡単で、打綿した綿花をブリキ製の綿筒の中に入れ、回転させながら上へ引き出すと、撚(よ)りのかかった太(ふと)番手の綿糸ができるので、それを枠に巻き取るもので、ガラガラと音を発することからこの名がある。もっとも、正式には和紡糸(和紡績糸)といい、明治期には臥雲糸、水車紡績糸とよばれている。 1877年長野県松本市北深志町に連綿(れんめん)社が設立され、水車動力で運転されたのを初めとして全国的に普及した。とくに愛知県三河地方に急速に発展したガラ紡は、「水車紡」(山のガラ紡)に対し、「舟(ふな)紡績」(水のガラ紡)とよばれた。この舟紡績は、矢作(やはぎ)川に浮かべた舟に紡績機械を乗せ、外輪船のごとく水車をつけたもので、97年ごろの最盛期には約100隻余の舟工場があったというが、1885年の五品共進会において紡績糸との品質比較に敗れ、急速に近代紡績工業の補完的位置へと転落し、落綿・再生繊維などの特殊な原料を使い、だんつう、毛布、帯芯(しん)などの用途にあてられることになる。第二次世界大戦後、繊維不足により一時的に復興をみたが、その後はほとんどが工程の一部を改良した「特紡(とくぼう)」へと転換し、雑貨・手芸織物などにあてる下級糸を生産するにすぎない。 [角山幸洋] 『永原慶二ほか編『講座・日本技術の社会史 別巻2』(1986・日本評論社)』▽『村瀬正章著『臥雲辰致』(1989・吉川弘文館)』▽『宮下一男著『臥雲辰致――ガラ紡機一〇〇年の足跡をたずねて』(1993・郷土出版社)』▽『北野進著『臥雲辰致とガラ紡機』(1994・アグネ技術センター)』 [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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